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Subject: Police Are Using Phone Tracking as a Routine Tool
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http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/us/police-tracking-of-cellphones-raises-pr
ivacy-fears.html?pagewanted=2
<http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/us/police-tracking-of-cellphones-raises-p
rivacy-fears.html?pagewanted=2&_r=3&hp> &_r=3&hp

Police Are Using Phone Tracking as a Routine Tool

By
<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/l/eric_lichtblau
/index.html?inline=nyt-per> ERIC LICHTBLAU

Published: March 31, 2012

WASHINGTON - Law enforcement tracking of cellphones, once the province
mainly of federal agents, has become a powerful and widely used surveillance
tool for local police officials, with hundreds of departments, large and
small, often using it aggressively with little or no court oversight,
documents show.

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Raymond McCrea Jones for The New York Times

A GPS tracker. The Supreme Court recently ruled that such a device placed on
a suspect's car was an unreasonable search.

Multimedia

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l?ref=us> Description:
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<http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/04/01/us/celltraining_documents.htm
l?ref=us> Training Materials for Tracking Cellphones

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Readers shared their thoughts on this article.

.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/us/police-tracking-of-cellphones-raises-p
rivacy-fears.html?_r=3&hp#comments> Read All Comments (523) >

The practice has become big business for cellphone companies, too, with a
handful of carriers marketing a catalog of "surveillance fees" to police
departments to determine a suspect's location, trace phone calls and texts
or provide other services. Some departments log dozens of traces a month for
both emergencies and routine investigations.

With cellphones ubiquitous, the police call phone tracing a valuable weapon
in emergencies like child abductions and suicide calls and investigations in
drug cases and murders. One police training manual describes cellphones as
"the virtual biographer of our daily activities," providing a hunting ground
for learning contacts and travels.

But civil liberties advocates say the wider use of cell tracking raises
legal and constitutional questions, particularly when the police act without
judicial orders. While many departments require warrants to use phone
tracking in nonemergencies, others claim broad discretion to get the records
on their own, according to 5,500 pages of internal records obtained by the
<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/a/america
n_civil_liberties_union/index.html?inline=nyt-org> American Civil Liberties
Union from 205 police departments nationwide.

The <http://www.aclu.org/locationtracking> internal documents, which were
provided to The New York Times, open a window into a cloak-and-dagger
practice that police officials are wary about discussing publicly. While
cell tracking by local police departments has received some limited public
attention in the last few years, the A.C.L.U. documents show that the
practice is in much wider use - with far looser safeguards - than officials
have previously acknowledged.

The issue has taken on new legal urgency in light of a Supreme Court ruling
in January finding that a Global Positioning System tracking device placed
on a drug suspect's car violated his Fourth Amendment rights against
unreasonable searches. While the ruling did not directly involve cellphones
- many of which also include GPS locators - it raised questions about the
standards for cellphone tracking, lawyers say.

The police records show many departments struggling to understand and abide
by the legal complexities of cellphone tracking, even as they work to
exploit the technology.

In cities in Nevada, North Carolina and other states, police departments
have gotten wireless carriers to track cellphone signals back to cell towers
as part of nonemergency investigations to identify all the callers using a
particular tower, records show.

In California, state prosecutors advised local police departments on ways to
get carriers to "clone" a phone and download text messages while it is
turned off.

In Ogden, Utah, when the Sheriff's Department wants information on a
cellphone, it leaves it up to the carrier to determine what the sheriff must
provide. "Some companies ask that when we have time to do so, we obtain
court approval for the tracking request," the Sheriff's Department said in a
written response to the A.C.L.U.

And in Arizona, even small police departments found cell surveillance so
valuable that they acquired their own tracking equipment to avoid the time
and expense of having the phone companies carry out the operations for them.
The police in the town of Gilbert, for one, spent $244,000 on such
equipment.

Cell carriers, staffed with special law enforcement liaison teams, charge
police departments from a few hundred dollars for locating a phone to more
than $2,200 for a full-scale wiretap of a suspect, records show.

Most of the police departments cited in the records did not return calls
seeking comment. But other law enforcement officials said the legal
questions were outweighed by real-life benefits.

The police in Grand Rapids, Mich., for instance, used a cell locator in
February to find a stabbing victim who was in a basement hiding from his
attacker.

"It's pretty valuable, simply because there are so many people who have
cellphones," said Roxann Ryan, a criminal analyst with Iowa's state
intelligence branch. "We find people," she said, "and it saves lives."

Many departments try to keep cell tracking secret, the documents show,
because of possible backlash from the public and legal problems. Although
there is no evidence that the police have listened to phone calls without
warrants, some defense lawyers have challenged other kinds of evidence
gained through warrantless cell tracking.

Multimedia

<http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/04/01/us/celltraining_documents.htm
l?ref=us> Description:
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/04/01/us/01surveillancepic/01survei
llancepic-thumbWide.jpgDocument

<http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/04/01/us/celltraining_documents.htm
l?ref=us> Training Materials for Tracking Cellphones

"Do not mention to the public or the media the use of cellphone technology
or equipment used to locate the targeted subject," the Iowa City Police
Department warned officers in one training manual. It should also be kept
out of police reports, it advised.

In Nevada, a training manual warned officers that using cell tracing to
locate someone without a warrant "IS ONLY AUTHORIZED FOR LIFE-THREATENING
EMERGENCIES!!" The practice, it said, had been "misused" in some standard
investigations to collect information the police did not have the authority
to collect.

"Some cell carriers have been complying with such requests, but they cannot
be expected to continue to do so as it is outside the scope of the law," the
advisory said. "Continued misuse by law enforcement agencies will
undoubtedly backfire."

Another training manual prepared by California prosecutors in 2010 advises
police officials on "how to get the good stuff" using cell technology.

The presentation said that since the Supreme Court first ruled on
wiretapping law in 1928 in a Prohibition-era case involving a bootlegger,
"subtler and more far-reaching means of invading privacy have become
available to the government."

Technological breakthroughs, it continued, have made it possible for the
government "to obtain disclosure in court of what is whispered in the
closet."

In interviews, lawyers and law enforcement officials agreed that there was
uncertainty over what information the police are entitled to get legally
from cell companies, what standards of evidence they must meet and when
courts must get involved.

A number of judges have come to conflicting decisions in balancing cellphone
users' constitutional privacy rights with law enforcement's need for
information.

In a 2010 ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit,
in Philadelphia, said a judge could require the authorities to obtain a
warrant based on probable cause before demanding cellphone records or
location information from a provider. (A similar case from Texas is pending
in the Fifth Circuit.)

"It's terribly confusing, and it's understandable, when even the federal
courts can't agree," said Michael Sussman, a Washington lawyer who
represents cell carriers. The carriers "push back a lot" when the police
urgently seek out cell locations or other information in what are purported
to be life-or-death situations, he said. "Not every emergency is really an
emergency."

Congress and about a dozen states are considering legislative proposals to
tighten restrictions on the use of cell tracking.

While cell tracing allows the police to get records and locations of users,
the A.C.L.U. documents give no indication that departments have conducted
actual wiretapping operations - listening to phone calls - without court
warrants required under federal law.

Much of the debate over phone surveillance in recent years has focused on
the federal government and counterterrorism operations, particularly a
once-secret program authorized by President George W. Bush after the Sept.
11 attacks. It allowed the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on phone
calls of terrorism suspects and monitor huge amounts of phone and e-mail
traffic without court-approved intelligence warrants.

Clashes over the program's legality led Congress to broaden the government's
eavesdropping powers in 2008. As part of the law, the Bush administration
insisted that phone companies helping in the program be given immunity
against lawsuits.

Since then, the wide use of cell surveillance has seeped down to even small,
rural police departments in investigations unrelated to national security.

"It's become run of the mill," said Catherine Crump, an A.C.L.U. lawyer who
coordinated the group's gathering of police records. "And the advances in
technology are rapidly outpacing the state of the law."

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oft Word 14 (filtered medium)"><style></style></head><body lang=3DEN-US link=3Dblue vli=
nk=3Dpurple><div class=3DWordSection1><o:p> </o:p><o:p> </o:p><o:p>&n=
bsp;</o:p><a href=3D"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/us/police-tracking-of-cellph=
ones-raises-privacy-fears.html?pagewanted=3D2&_r=3D3&hp">http://www=
.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/us/police-tracking-of-cellphones-raises-privacy-fea=
rs.html?pagewanted=3D2&_r=3D3&hp</a><o:p></o:p><o:p> </o:p></s=
pan><spa=
n style=3D'font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'><o:p=
> </o:p>Police Are Using Phone Tracking as a Routine Tool<o:p></o:p></s=
pan>By <a hre=
f=3D"http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/l/eric_lich=
tblau/index.html?inline=3Dnyt-per" title=3D"More Articles by Eric Lichtblau=
">ERIC LICHTBLAU<=
/a><o:p></o:p>Published: March 31, 2012 <o:p></o:p><=
div style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid #EAE8E9 1.0pt;padding:5.0pt 0in 0=
in 0in'><o:p>=
 </o:p></div>WASHINGTON — Law enforcement tracking of=
cellphones, once the province mainly of federal agents, has become a power=
ful and widely used surveillance tool for local police officials, with hund=
reds of departments, large and small, often using it aggressively with litt=
le or no court oversight, documents show. <o:p></o:p><a href=
=3D"javascript:pop_me_up2('http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/03/31/us/=
SURVEILLANCE.html','SURVEILLANCE_html','width=3D720,height=3D529,scrollbars=
=3Dyes,toolbars=3Dno,resizable=3Dyes')">Enlarge This Image</a><o:p></o:p><a hre=
f=3D"javascript:pop_me_up2('http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2012/03/31/us=
/SURVEILLANCE.html','SURVEILLANCE_html','width=3D720,height=3D529,scrollbar=
s=3Dyes,toolbars=3Dno,resizable=3Dyes')"><img border=
=3D0 width=3D190 height=3D116 id=3D"Picture_x0020_1" src=3D"cid:image001.jp=
g_at_01CD1182.954F3830" alt=3D"Description: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/image=
s/2012/03/31/us/SURVEILLANCE/SURVEILLANCE-articleInline.jpg"></a><sp=
an style=3D'font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#333333'><o=
:p></o:p>Raymond McCrea Jones for The New York=
Times<o:p></o:p>A GPS tracker. The Supreme Court recentl=
y ruled that such a device placed on a suspect's car was an unreasonable se=
arch. <o:p></o:p>Multimedia<o:p></o:p><=
span style=3D'font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:#333333'>=
<a href=3D"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/04/01/us/celltraining_do=
cuments.html?ref=3Dus"><=
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.com/images/2012/04/01/us/01surveillancepic/01surveillancepic-thumbWide.jpg=
">Document </a><o:p></o:p><=
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>=
<a href=3D"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/04/01/us/celltraining_do=
cuments.html?ref=3Dus">T=
raining Materials for Tracking Cellphones</a><o:p></o:p><=
p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:17.25pt;ma=
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a><o:p></o:p>Readers’ Comments<o:p></o:p></span=
>Readers shared their thoughts on this articl=
e.<o:p></o:p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:0i=
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und:#EBF1F5'><![if !supportLists]>·      &nbs=
p;  <![endif]><a href=3D"http://www.nytimes.c=
om/2012/04/01/us/police-tracking-of-cellphones-raises-privacy-fears.html?_r=
=3D3&hp#comments">Re=
ad All Comments (523) »</a><o:p></o:p>The practice has become big busi=
ness for cellphone companies, too, with a handful of carriers marketing a c=
atalog of “surveillance fees” to police departments to determin=
e a suspect’s location, trace phone calls and texts or provide other =
services. Some departments log dozens of traces a month for both emergencie=
s and routine investigations. <o:p></o:p>With cellphones ubiquitous, the police cal=
l phone tracing a valuable weapon in emergencies like child abductions and =
suicide calls and investigations in drug cases and murders. One police trai=
ning manual describes cellphones as “the virtual biographer of our da=
ily activities,” providing a hunting ground for learning contacts and=
travels. <o:p></o:p>But civil liberties advocates say the wider use of cell tracki=
ng raises legal and constitutional questions, particularly when the police =
act without judicial orders. While many departments require warrants to use=
phone tracking in nonemergencies, others claim broad discretion to get the=
records on their own, according to 5,500 pages of internal records obtaine=
d by the <a href=3D"http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/org=
anizations/a/american_civil_liberties_union/index.html?inline=3Dnyt-org" ti=
tle=3D"More articles about American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)">American Civil Liberties Union</a> from 205 pol=
ice departments nationwide. <o:p></o:p>The <a href=3D"http://www.aclu.org/locationt=
racking">internal documents</a>, which=
were provided to The New York Times, open a window into a cloak-and-dagger=
practice that police officials are wary about discussing publicly. While c=
ell tracking by local police departments has received some limited public a=
ttention in the last few years, the A.C.L.U. documents show that the practi=
ce is in much wider use — with far looser safeguards — than off=
icials have previously acknowledged. <o:p></o:p>The issue has taken on new legal ur=
gency in light of a Supreme Court ruling in January finding that a Global P=
ositioning System tracking device placed on a drug suspect’s car viol=
ated his Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable searches. While the r=
uling did not directly involve cellphones — many of which also includ=
e GPS locators — it raised questions about the standards for cellphon=
e tracking, lawyers say. <o:p></o:p>The police records show many departments stru=
ggling to understand and abide by the legal complexities of cellphone track=
ing, even as they work to exploit the technology. <o:p></o:p>In cities in Nevada, N=
orth Carolina and other states, police departments have gotten wireless car=
riers to track cellphone signals back to cell towers as part of nonemergenc=
y investigations to identify all the callers using a particular tower, reco=
rds show. <o:p></o:p>In California, state prosecutors advised local police departme=
nts on ways to get carriers to “clone” a phone and download tex=
t messages while it is turned off. <o:p></o:p>In Ogden, Utah, when the Sheriff&#821=
7;s Department wants information on a cellphone, it leaves it up to the car=
rier to determine what the sheriff must provide. “Some companies ask =
that when we have time to do so, we obtain court approval for the tracking =
request,” the Sheriff’s Department said in a written response t=
o the A.C.L.U. <o:p></o:p>And in Arizona, even small police departments found cell =
surveillance so valuable that they acquired their own tracking equipment to=
avoid the time and expense of having the phone companies carry out the ope=
rations for them. The police in the town of Gilbert, for one, spent $244,00=
0 on such equipment.  <o:p></o:p>Cell carriers, staffed with special law enfor=
cement liaison teams, charge police departments from a few hundred dollars =
for locating a phone to more than $2,200 for a full-scale wiretap of a susp=
ect, records show. <o:p></o:p>Most of the police departments cited in the records d=
id not return calls seeking comment. But other law enforcement officials sa=
id the legal questions were outweighed by real-life benefits. <o:p></o:p></=
span>The police=
in Grand Rapids, Mich., for instance, used a cell locator in February to f=
ind a stabbing victim who was in a basement hiding from his attacker. <o:p>=
</o:p>“It’s pretty valuable, simply because there ar=
e so many people who have cellphones,” said Roxann Ryan, a criminal a=
nalyst with Iowa’s state intelligence branch. “We find people,&=
#8221; she said, “and it saves lives.” <o:p></o:p><p=
class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:6.0pt;margi=
n-bottom:0in;margin-left:7.5pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:17.6pt'><s=
pan style=3D'font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>Ma=
ny departments try to keep cell tracking secret, the documents show, becaus=
e of possible backlash from the public and legal problems. Although there i=
s no evidence that the police have listened to phone calls without warrants=
, some defense lawyers have challenged other kinds of evidence gained throu=
gh warrantless cell tracking. <o:p></o:p>Multimedia<o:p>=
</o:p><a href=3D"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/=
04/01/us/celltraining_documents.html?ref=3Dus"><img border=3D0 width=3D190 height=3D126 id=3D"Pictu=
re_x0020_4" src=3D"cid:image002.jpg_at_01CD1182.954F3830" alt=3D"Description: =
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2012/04/01/us/01surveillancepic/01surve=
illancepic-thumbWide.jpg">Do=
cument </a=
><o:p></o:p><a href=3D"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/=
04/01/us/celltraining_documents.html?ref=3Dus">Training Materials for Tracking Cellphones</a=
><o:p></o:p><o:p> </o:p><o:p> </o:p>=
“D=
o not mention to the public or the media the use of cellphone technology or=
equipment used to locate the targeted subject,” the Iowa City Police=
Department warned officers in one training manual. It should also be kept =
out of police reports, it advised. <o:p></o:p>In Nevada, a training manual warned o=
fficers that using cell tracing to locate someone without a warrant “=
IS ONLY AUTHORIZED FOR LIFE-THREATENING EMERGENCIES!!” The practice, =
it said, had been “misused” in some standard investigations to =
collect information the police did not have the authority to collect. <o:p>=
</o:p><s=
pan style=3D'font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>&#=
8220;Some cell carriers have been complying with such requests, but they ca=
nnot be expected to continue to do so as it is outside the scope of the law=
,” the advisory said. “Continued misuse by law enforcement agen=
cies will undoubtedly backfire.” <o:p></o:p>Another training manual prepared =
by California prosecutors in 2010 advises police officials on “how to=
get the good stuff” using cell technology. <o:p></o:p>The presentation said =
that since the Supreme Court first ruled on wiretapping law in 1928 in a Pr=
ohibition-era case involving a bootlegger, “subtler and more far-reac=
hing means of invading privacy have become available to the government.&#82=
21; <o:p></o:p>Technological breakthroughs, it continued, have made it possible for=
the government “to obtain disclosure in court of what is whispered i=
n the closet.” <o:p></o:p>In interviews, lawyers and law enforcement official=
s agreed that there was uncertainty over what information the police are en=
titled to get legally from cell companies, what standards of evidence they =
must meet and when courts must get involved. <o:p></o:p>A number of judges have com=
e to conflicting decisions in balancing cellphone users’ constitution=
al privacy rights with law enforcement’s need for information. <o:p><=
/o:p><sp=
an style=3D'font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Georgia","serif";color:black'>In =
a 2010 ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, in=
Philadelphia, said a judge could require the authorities to obtain a warra=
nt based on probable cause before demanding cellphone records or location i=
nformation from a provider. (A similar case from Texas is pending in the Fi=
fth Circuit.) <o:p></o:p>“It’s terribly confusing, and it’s under=
standable, when even the federal courts can’t agree,” said Mich=
ael Sussman, a Washington lawyer who represents cell carriers. The carriers=
“push back a lot” when the police urgently seek out cell locat=
ions or other information in what are purported to be life-or-death situati=
ons, he said. “Not every emergency is really an emergency.” <o:=
p></o:p>=
=
Congress and about a dozen states are considering legislative proposals to =
tighten restrictions on the use of cell tracking. <o:p></o:p>While cell tracing all=
ows the police to get records and locations of users, the A.C.L.U. document=
s give no indication that departments have conducted actual wiretapping ope=
rations — listening to phone calls — without court warrants req=
uired under federal law. <o:p></o:p>Much of the debate over phone surveillance in=
recent years has focused on the federal government and counterterrorism op=
erations, particularly a once-secret program authorized by President George=
W. Bush after the Sept. 11 attacks. It allowed the National Security Agenc=
y to eavesdrop on phone calls of terrorism suspects and monitor huge amount=
s of phone and e-mail traffic without court-approved intelligence warrants.=
<o:p></o:p>Clashes over the program’s legality led Congress to broaden the g=
overnment’s eavesdropping powers in 2008. As part of the law, the Bus=
h administration insisted that phone companies helping in the program be gi=
ven immunity against lawsuits. <o:p></o:p>Since then, the wide use of cell surveill=
ance has seeped down to even small, rural police departments in investigati=
ons unrelated to national security. <o:p></o:p>“It’s=
become run of the mill,” said Catherine Crump, an A.C.L.U. lawyer wh=
o coordinated the group’s gathering of police records. “And the=
advances in technology are rapidly outpacing the state of the law.” =
<o:p></o:p><o:p> </o:p></div></bod=
y></html>
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Received on Sat Mar 02 2024 - 00:57:21 CST

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