Subject: LONG/INTEL- Nerve Agents Threats/Treatment/Prevention
Date: 95-03-20 18:10:28 EST
From: cntrspy@iapps.org (Executive Protection Associates)
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In light of the recent Chemical Terrorist attack on the Tokyo
subway system, this information may be useful.  Add Chemical/
Biological threats to TOP of your advance checklists now.  Also
consider adding NBR suits and Masks with Gold ring filters to
your Go-Kits.  Many current issue suits are available surplus...
I keep a set for all PSA's as well as protectee ( before the
Tokyo attack ) in the CP kit that goes with the team.  Consider
the drugs to go with the kits ( although you will have problems
with export and import into foreign countries ).

This event may increase the risk of copycat attacks on US interests
abroad and domestically.  It was only a matter of time, unfortunately
the time is at hand.  Plan accordingly.

We'll keep you posted on what our intel-insiders have to say.

Below is a small listing of nerve gas agents used in military
applications.  There are also some VERY lethal gasses used in
the semiconductor industry, these are more widely available and
easier to steal/smuggle.  A model developed for the "Silicon
Valley" showed a small cannister of a semiconductor manufacturing
process gas released at night with light wind would kill in excess
of 50,000 people by daybreak.

We will be investigating the availability of personal-sized portable
Chem/Bio gas detectors suitable for PSA work.  We'll keep you posted on
our findings.


+++++++++++++++++
Signs, Symptoms, and treatments of common poison gases.

TABUN (GA)

Tabun is an organophosphate type compound that was developed
between WWI & II. It can be easily absorbed through the skin,
by means of inhalation, or ingestion.  The symptoms of the
poisoning are similar , regardless of the route of
introduction.  Upon inhalation, for instance, the symptoms
(in order of occurrence) include; a. Runny nose

                                 b. Bronchial secretions

                                 c. Tightness in the chest

                                 d. Dimming of vision

                                 e. Pin-Point Pupils

                                 f. Drooling

                                 g. Excessive perspiration

                                 h. Nausea, Vomiting

                                 i. involuntary defecation &

                                    urination

                                 j. muscle twitching,jerking

                                 k. convulsions,confusion

                                 l. Coma

                                 m. Death



The primary treatment for Tabun and several other nerve
agents is Atropine Sulfate.  It is commonly carried in auto-
injectors by military personnel in dosages of 1-2 mgs.
However, in many cases, massive doses may be necessary to
reverse the effects of the anticholinesterase agents.
Frequently, 20-40 mgs. of atropine may be necessary.



The second drug that is used in the treatment of "nerve gas"
poisoning is Pralidoxime chloride (3-PAMC1).  It is used to
reactivate the acetylcholinestrase that is bound by the
nerve agent.  3-PAMC1 is not as effective against Soman (GD)



Sarin (GB)

Also a nerve agent in the organophosphate family.  Has
similar symptoms and is generally "non-persistent" (as is
Tabun); is dispersed in an droplet or mist form. GB is also a
cholinesterase inhibitor, as are all of the "G" agents.
It is treated in a similar manner as Tabun with Atropine and
3-PAMC1.

Soman (GD)

Again; a compound of the organophosphate family, but more
difficult to treat than the other "G" agents.  Pralidoxime
does not work as well with GD, due to the fact that it's
reactivation of acetylcholinesterase must be accomplished
within moments of exposure to be at all effective. Normally
dispersed like the other "G" agents.

(VX)

VX is an organophosphate-like compound, but comes in an oily
liquid form that is persistent for weeks or longer in the
environment.  It is commonly used to deny access to a given
area and thus stop or slow an enemy ground advance. It can be
treated by the same methods that are used for the "G" agents,
but must be decontaminated in a different manner than the
other agents; alcohol, ether, or acetate can be used to wash
the oily liquid from the skin.



OTHER AGENTS AND INFORMATION OF CONCERN:

CYANIDES

(AC- Hydrogen cyanide HCN)

(CK- Cyanogen chloride CNCL)

The cyanides can be delivered by artillery, rockets, bombs,
or released from upwind cannisters. The symptoms of cyanide
poisoning include:   a.Dryness and burning of the throat

                     b.Dyspnea, shortness of breath

                     c.Hyperpnea, rapid shallow breathing

                     d. Apnea, lack of breathing

                     e. Convulsion & coma

                     f. Cardiovascular collapse



These agents act by binding the iron (FE) component of the
cytochrome c oxidase system, which controls the cellular
respiration and exchange of oxygen. The treatment of this
agent includes the administration of oxygen and nitrates.
Standard military treatment includes administration of 10cc
of 3% solution of Sodium nitrate followed by sodium
thiosulfate (50cc of 25% solution) by intravenous.  Some
other medical authorities recommend the use of Amyal Nitrate
crushable ampules followed by the nitrates listed above.
Others recommend using Vitamin B12, EDTA, and/or hyperbaric
oxygen (High Compression oxygen chamber).

Due to the fact that "field" conditions do not allow the use of
such extensive equipment, or inconsistent treatment
methods; the military method is recommended for the near future.

DECONTAMINATION:

Generally, protected ( i.e. Gloves, Respirators/SCBA, non-
permeable clothing) medical and rescue personnel must wash
the victim with soap and water at the scene.  Wash water
should be properly disposed of in drums or containers that
can be properly destroyed.  Victims of VX and other non-
soluble agents should be cleaned with the alcohol and/or the
agents described above.  This must be accomplished as soon as
possible, and the specific antidotes listed above then be
administered.  "Dirty" patients should not be transported to
the hospital.

CONCLUSIONS

Nerve agents are in the stockpiles of several nations, and
it is suspected that they may be possessed by several
terrorist groups. They are an insidious way to injure or
kill a large number of people in a rapid, painful, and
gruesome manner. All methods of public transportation,
and areas of public gathering are vulnerable.

--
Chris Hall, C.O.O., Executive Protection Associates, Inc.
Providers of Worldwide Investigative, Security and Protective
Services to the Fortune 500, Celebrities and Industry, Except Florida-
Regional Governor IAPPS/ Info@IAPPS.org  PGP 2.7 key available
++ Moderator-Bodyguard's List> bodyguard-L-request@netcom.com
Opinions expressed are those of the author and not those of EPAI.
================================================================




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Subject: LONG/INTEL- Nerve Agents Threats/Treatment/Prevention
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