History of the White Race

CHAPTER 34 : THE TEST OF ETHNICITY - SWITZERLAND, CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND YUGOSLAVIA

The state of Yugoslavia was created at the end of the 19th Century out of a number of ethnic cultural groupings in the Balkans.

The volatile mix of White Slavic, Asiatic invaders and Islamic Turks in the Ottoman Empire have fused - and often clashed violently - to make this region one of the most unstable in all of Europe, with its wars still dominating Europe at the end of the 20th Century.

Yugoslavia was created out of a number of smaller territories, some of which were independent of the foreign invaders in Eastern Europe, and some of whom were not.

Before the progress of the actual state of Yugoslavia is overviewed, it is therefore crucial to briefly review its main component regions: Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Slovenia.

Key:

Slovenia
Croatia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Serbia (including Kosovo)
Montenegro
Macedonia

A map of Yugoslavia, showing the provinces as they were under the united government during the 1945 - 1990 era. The regions correspond closely to the modern day independent states. In 1992 a union of two of the states - Serbia and Montenegro - claimed for itself the name Yugoslavia.

The wide diversity of the ethnic and sub-racial composition of each state is revealed by an analysis of the 1992 population census figures:

Bosnia-Herzegovina had 4.4 million people, of whom 44 percent were Muslim; 33 percent were Serb; 17 percent were Croat; and 'others' were 6 percent.
Croatia had 4.8 million people, of whom Croats compromised 78 percent; Serbs 12 percent; one percent were Muslim and others comprised nine percent.
Macedonia had 2.2 million people, of whom Macedonians were 67 percent, Albanians were 20 percent, Turks compromised four percent; Serbs made up two percent; and others were seven percent.
Serbia and Montenegro - which included Kosovo - had 10.6 million people, of whom Serbs were 63 percent; Albanians were 14 percent; Montenegrins were six percent; Hungarians were four percent; and others were 13 percent.
Slovenia had 2.0 million people, of whom Slovenes were 91 percent; Croats were three percent; Serbs were two percent, Muslim were one percent and others were four percent.

Since that census was taken, the figures have changed somewhat dramatically as a result of continued conflict, particularly in the Kosovo region which has seen an exodus of both Albanians and Serbs.

Croatia formed part of the Roman province of Pannonia, and was conquered by the Asiatic Avars in the 6th Century AD. The Avars were in turn conquered by the Slavic Croats the next century, and the Croats were in turn conquered by the Franks - with each new White invasion bringing a fresh wave of White blood into the region.

In 925, Croatia became an independent kingdom, which lasted until the end of the 11th Century, when a period of political anarchy led to intervention by Hungary.

The occupation of Hungary by the Ottomans saw Turkish rule extended briefly over Croatia, but this was short lived.

After a while the Turks abandoned the region, unable to effectively control the Croats. Croatia remained an autonomous kingdom under Hungarian rule until 1848, when it and Slovene were joined together in a separate Austrian crown land. With the 1867 creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Croatia and Slovene were assigned to Hungary.

Due to the relatively small length of time the region was occupied by the Ottomans, virtually no intermingling of any sort took place, and the Croats remained an overwhelmingly Nordic-Alpine White sub racial stock.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the territory of Montenegro became part of the Serbian kingdom.

When that land was overrun by the Ottoman Turks in 1459, the Montenegrins withdrew to their mountain strongholds, particularly on Mount Lovcen, and there amazingly remained the only Balkan people never to be ruled by the Nonwhite Turks, despite continual military engagements with them.

Montenegro joined Greece, Bulgaria, and Serbia in alliance against the Ottoman Empire in 1912, and as a result of the Balkan Wars the country almost doubled in size.

Under the Roman Empire, Slovene, or Slovenia as it is better known, was part of the provinces of Pannonia and Noricum. During the 6th Century AD, the region was invaded by the Mongolian Avars and later by the Indo-European Slavs who threw off the Nonwhite Avar domination.

In AD 623, chieftain Franko Samo created the first independent Slovene state, which stretched from territory today in Hungary to the Mediterranean. It lasted until the 8th Century, when the Franks conquered the region.

From 1335 until 1918, except for a brief interlude from 1809 to 1814, Slovenes were governed by the Habsburgs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with the Napoleonic wars causing a brief pause in this foreign rule, which was then resumed until the end of the First World War.

During Roman times, Serbia formed part of the province of Moesia. Gothic invaders passed through the land in the 3rd Century, and after 395 AD it became part of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire.

The Serbs, originally a division of the Indo-European Slavic group, settled in the country during the 7th Century and gave their allegiance to the Byzantines.

The assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, by a Serbian nationalist, led to Austro-Hungary declaring war on Serbia: no sooner had this happened then the Russians declared war on Austria under treaty obligations.

Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist, being arrested moments after he fired the first shot of the First World Wart - the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, July 1914.

The conflict then quickly escalated into the First World War. Serbia was however overrun by the Austro-Hungarians, driving many Serbian leaders into exile in Greece. On the island of Corfu, representatives of Serbia and all the other regions then under foreign rule issued a declaration in 1914, announcing their intention to create a united state once the war was over.

In October 1918, representatives from the regions met in the city of Zagreb amongst the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and agreed to union with Serbia - this was followed by a similar decision in Montenegro. With the assent of all the major players, the new state, officially called the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, was then proclaimed in December 1918.

A centralized form of government was adopted, which was dominated by the Serbs. The denial of any sort of autonomy to the Croats, Slovenes, and other minority groups, immediately created tensions within the state. This tension resulted in the June 1928 assassination of a Croatian leader in the national parliament by a deputy from Montenegro - the Croats withdrew all their parliamentarians and set up a provisional independent government in Zagreb.

Just when it seemed inevitable that the 10 year old state would be consumed by civil war, the king of the time, Alexander, intervened. He dissolved the parliament and assumed dictatorial control of the government. Abolishing all the traditional powers of the regions, Alexander instituted a one man government and changed the name of the country into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, translated literally as the "Land of the South Slavs".

The brutal suppression of all dissent only temporarily quelled the ethnic tension. In October 1934, Alexander was assassinated in France by a Macedonian: further internal pressure finally led to a federalist system of government being instituted in 1939, but still the underlying tensions remained.

At the outbreak of the Second World War, the Yugoslav state attempted to maintain a policy of neutrality, but after the initial stunning German military victories during the first two years of the war, the Yugoslav government formally joined the alliance of Germany and Italy. The pact with Germany however proved unpopular with the Yugoslavs. Almost immediately an uprising occurred and the Yugoslav government was overthrown, with a new government reestablishing Yugoslav neutrality.

In 1941, the Italians invaded Greece. This move proved disastrous and before long the Italian army was in retreat. The Germans were then forced to come to Italy's aid to prevent the British from establishing a military base in Greece. Quickly overrunning Yugoslavia, the Germans beat both the Greeks and a small British expeditionary force which had indeed landed there.

Thus by early 1941, all of Yugoslavia was back under foreign rule, and the short lived state was broken up once again. Italy occupied large parts of the former state, including Montenegro, while Serbia was taken over by a pro-German government. Hungary seized a considerable part of the eastern section of Yugoslavia known as Vojvodina, while Bulgaria seized most of Yugoslav Macedonia.

A right wing independent republic was then set up in Croatia under the Utasha party, which was not only given the Serbian dominated region of Bosnia, but also became loyal German allies, providing troops and other support to the German anti-Communist war against the Soviet Union.

The creation of two pro-German states and the division of the country was oil on a fire. Soon large scale revolts broke out in all parts of the country.

Serbian nationalists, called Cetniks, waged guerrilla warfare against Croatia, while nationalist Croats waged open war against the Serbs.

Not all Croats supported the pro-German government - the Croat Communist leader, Josip Broz Tito, led a large guerrilla army fighting virtually everybody at the same time.

Josip Broz Tito, leader of Yugoslavia for 35 years. In this 1944 picture, he is using a telephone in his cave headquarters of his anti-German partisan army. President of Yugoslavia after the war, he held the state together through a combination of suppression and his personality. Upon his death in 1980 it took only some ten years for the country to break apart into the various ethnic units of which it was comprised.

A Brigade commander of the Waffen SS unit recruited from the Cetniks (right), shown here discussing matters with fellow SS officers. The Yugoslav population fractured into many different ideological units, with parties on all sides either supporting or opposing the German occupation. The groups spent almost as much time fighting each other as did the anti-German resistance fighting the Germans.

By 1942, Tito's partisan army had won de facto control of a large part of central Bosnia, and founded a provisional government.

This immediately brought on a conflict with the Serbian nationalist Cetniks, and the two groups spent almost as much time fighting each other as they did the Germans or the Croat Utasha government.

The Yugoslav government in exile - which been driven out by the original German occupation - then declared Tito's provisional government illegal, recognizing only the Cetniks as the official resistance movement. Despite this, Tito's guerrillas went on to occupy large parts of the country, aided from 1943 onwards by Allied troops.

The mediation of the allies then saw Tito being recognized by the Yugoslav government in exile, and by October 1944, German troops had been cleared from the majority of the country by Tito's forces.

In March 1945, a new government was officially formed with Tito as president. In August that year the monarchy was abolished and in November, elections were held, which were boycotted by all but the Communist-led United National Front, which, unsurprisingly, then became the government. That same month the newly elected parliament declared Yugoslavia a republic.

The Yugoslav state was then subjected to a form of communist government, but as it had never been occupied by the Soviet Union, managed to follow a more independent line than the rest of the Eastern European countries which had Stalinism imposed by force. Nonetheless Tito remained as absolute ruler, and through sheer force and will power he held together the Yugoslav state for the entire length of his stay in office, which was only ended by his death in 1980.

Even though Tito had kept the country unified, it had been achieved at the cost of suppressing the various ethnic groupings - after his death, the old tensions re-emerged as strongly as ever. These tensions, combined with the steady run down of the economy caused by the implementation of Tito's own peculiar form of Communism, set the stage for the final break up of the Yugoslav state.

In 1968, the region of Serbia known as Kosovo had been granted a measure of autonomy after the majority of inhabitants of the region, ethnic Albanians, had started large scale riots. In the early 1980's Kosovo was once again the first to erupt into open revolt. The Yugoslav government, dominated by Serbians who were always numerically superior to any of the other groupings, reacted with a wave of suppression that succeeded in bring the region firmly back under Serbian control until the last years of the 20th Century.

The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 saw the Communist Party in Yugoslavia give up the system of one party rule. A new constitution was drawn up which allowed each of the ethnic regions to elect its own government and then for the presidency of the country to be rotated between the elected leaders of each of the states in turn. In May 1991, however, Serbia objected to the system of a rotating presidency, particularly when it came to the Croats' turn to occupy the position. The impasse caused both the Croatian and Slovenian governments to declare independence in June that year.

The declarations of independence sparked off a major conflict in Yugoslavia during the 1990s. The Serb dominated government ordered the Serb dominated army to suppress the rebel governments. A ten day war in Slovene ended with a Serb defeat - and a seven month war with the Croatians followed, ending with a cease fire after Croatia had lost almost a third of its territory.

The government of the Yugoslav republic of Macedonia declared its independence in September 1991, but a dispute with Greece over the republic's name forestalled international recognition of the new republic.

In March 1992, the region of Bosnia and Herzegovina also declared its independence from Yugoslavia - however one third of that state's inhabitants were made up of ethnic Serbians.

This provoked a civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, with Croats, Muslims and Serbs living in the republic all taking the opportunity to attack each other.

In April 1992, Serbia and Montenegro united and declared themselves the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

A Muslim prisoner receives his meager rations in a Serbian run camp, 1992. Pictures such as these sent shock waves around the world as an indication of how desperate the war in the former Yugoslavia had become. Of particular interest are the features of the prisoners in this picture - nominally Muslim, they display distinctly White racial features. Note for example the prisoner second in line (standing directly behind the man with the open shirt) - his features are even extreme Nordic in sub-racial character. The population making up the former Yugoslav Republic is a great mix of Nordic, Alpine and Turkish - all creating a volatile stew which periodically erupts into violence.

The conflicts in the former Yugoslav republic have ensured that the region has not been targeted by any legal or illegal immigration, and so the region retains much of its original population make-up.

However, a significant part of the population shows definite traces of the hundreds of years of Nonwhite Turkish Ottoman occupation left from the time before the creation of the Yugoslav state. This admixture is culturally reflected in the fact that a large proportion of the population are in fact Muslims and not Christians - in real terms this means that as much as 20 per cent of the population may originally be of mixed ancestry to one degree or another, with the notable exception of the Croatians (who remain predominantly Nordic/Alpine sub-racial stock).

When comparing the Swiss, Czechoslovakian and Yugoslavian approaches to settling ethnic conflict, the importance of race is once again brought to the fore. Switzerland and Czechoslovakia, both being almost racially homogeneous, but ethnically divided, have managed to settle their differences constitutionally; while Yugoslavians, divided ethnically and racially, have been forced to carve out their living areas through violent conflict.