Part II
In Lecture 6, we continue our review of materials related to ciphers created in languages other than English. In order to augment PHOENIX's soon to be published ACA Xenocrypt Handbook, we will focus on six diverse systems: Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Latin, Norwegian, and Hungarian. Each offers a unique perspective in deciphering communications and supports the cultural universal concept presented in Lecture 5.
Lecture 7 will give practical language data for Xenocrypts commonly published in the Cryptogram - French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. [I will not cover either Esperanto or Interlinguia. I consider both as useful as advanced Hittite in modern communications.]
I have transmitted to the Crypto Drop Box word translation software for Russian, Spanish, German, Danish and Portuguese. Single use license is granted. Also, I have sent a Russian tutorial program to NORTH DECODER to put on the Crypto Drop.
A colleague of mine in Sweden sent me an interesting reminder of the historical foundations of cryptology. He suggested that I include in one of my lectures a discussion of Dr. Ibrahim A. Al-Kadi's outstanding 1990 paper to the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm regarding the Arabic contributions to cryptology.
Dr. Al-Kadi reported on the Arabic scientist by the name of Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Is-haq ibn as Sabbah ibn 'omran ibn Ismail Al- Kindi, who authored a book on cryptology the "Risalah fi Istikhraj al-Mu'amma" (Manuscript for the Deciphering Cryptographic Messages) circa 750 AD. Al-Kindi introduced cryptanalysis techniques, classification of ciphers, Arabic Phonetics and Syntax and most importantly described the use of several statistical techniques for cryptanalysis. [This book apparently antedates other cryptology references by 300 years.] [It also predates writings on probability and statistics by Pascal and Fermat by nearly 800 years.]
Dr. Al-Kadi also reported on the mathematical writings of Al- Khwarizmi (780-847) who introduced common technical terms such as 'zero', 'cipher', 'algorithm', 'algebra' and 'Arabic numerals.' The decimal number system and the concept of zero were originally developed in India.
The Arabs translated in the early ninth century, Brahmagupta's "Siddharta" from Sanscrit into Arabic. The new numerals were quickly adopted through-out the Islamic empire from China to Spain. Translations of Al-Khwarizmi's book on arithmetic by Robert of Chester, John of Halifax and the Italian Leonardo of Pisa, aka Fibonacci strongly advocated the use of Arabic numerals over the previous Roman Standard Numerals (I,V,X,C,D,M).
The Roman system was very cumbersome because there was no concept of zero or (empty space). The concept of zero which we all think of as natural was just the opposite in medieval Europe. In Sanscrit, the zero was called "sunya" or "empty". The Arabs translated the Indian into the Arabic equivalent "sifr". Europeans adopted the concept and symbol but not name, but transformed it into Latin equivalent "cifra" and "cephirium" {Fibonnaci did this}. The Italian equivalent of these words "zefiro", "zefro" and "zevero". The latter was shortened to "Zero".
The French formed the word "chiffre" and conceded the Italian word "zero". The English used "zero" and "Cipher" from the word ciphering as a means of computing. The Germans used the words "ziffer" and "chiffer".
The concept of zero or sifr or cipher was so confusing and ambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people would say "talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher". Cipher came to mean concealment of clear messages or simply encryption. Dr. Al-Kadi concluded that the Arabic word sifr, for the digit zero, developed into the European technical term for encryption. [KADI], [ALKA], [MRAY], [YOUS], [BADE] , [NIC7]
Reference [DAVI] gives one of the better breakdowns of the modern Russian Alphabet (Soviet, post 1918) for solving Russian Cryptograms in "The Cryptogram".
Friedman presents detailed Russian cryptographic data in Volume 2 of his Military Cryptanalytics series. [FR2]
A prime difficulty for English speaking students of Russian is the scarcity of linguistic cognates in the two languages. Russian is more complex than other romantic languages which have many common word derivatives. The highly inflected Russian grammar aids rather than hinders the cryptographer by supplying him with valuable tools for decrypting.
My keyboard and supporting software does not permit a comfortable translation of the Cyrillic, so I refer you to the September-October 1976 Cryptogram for a survey of Russian and several Xenocrypt examples.
Radio communications can be heard which vary in frequency from below the broadcast band, to almost the upper edge of the radio spectrum (Ku-band satellite communications.) Common bands are:
VLF (Very Low Frequency): 3 to 30 kHz LF (Low Frequency): 30 to 300 kHz MF (Medium Frequency): 300 kHz to 3 MHz HF (High Frequency): 3 to 30 MHz VHF (Very High Frequency): 30 to 300 MHz UHF (Ultra High Frequency): 300 to 3000 MHzWhereas, VHF and UHF frequency ranges are occupied by cellular phones, police, fire and government communications, the bulk of HF region is devoted to COMINT signals. You should be able to hear traffic from all over the globe, rather than the 50-75 mile limit on the VHF and UHF bands. Three types of HF radio communications may be heard/intercepted: continuous wave (CW/Morse Code), single side band (SSB), and radio teletype (RTTY). The Cubans seem to favor the latter form of communication, especially from their revitalized center at Lourdes.
Tom Roach [ROAC] has been monitoring Russian messages for some time. He uses a Watkins-Johnson HF-1000 receiver, a Rhombic antenna, a Singer MT-5 Spectrum Analyzer, a Universal M-7000 decoder ( allows viewing the Russian in its native Cyrillic alphabet) a Sony TCD-07 recorder, and Hitachi V-302F Oscilloscope with X/Y tuning capability for RTTY communications.
[ROAC] suggests that the best hunting grounds for Russian RTTY traffic are:
Roach has identified several types of Russian messages:
SESS KRIPTOGRAMMA - originated by Soviet Space Event Support Ships (SESS). KRIPTOGRAMMA NA PERFOLENTE - refers to a key additive (originally a paper tape Vernam type series.) KRIPTOGRAMMA KODA - code book transmissions. KRIPTOGRAMMA ADMIN - Super enciphered communications.Other types of messages [ROAC] identified DISP/1 to report disposition of ships, PAGODA messages for weather reports, MORE messages to report administrative and sea conditions, Personal Itinerary, Fuel related, 10 slash, PARTI messages to discuss status of ship's holds and bunkers.
Russian achievements in the art of cryptography rank first rate to say the least. Three of my favorite cipher Russian systems are: 1) Nihilist, 2) VIC - Disruption (aka straddling bipartite monoalphabetic substitution super-enciphered by modified double transposition) and 3) the One-Time Pad. Each of these systems introduced tactical advantages for adverse communication and had limited disadvantages for their service.
For some reason, Russian prisoners were not allowed computers in their cells. Inmates were forbidden to talk, and to outwit their jailers they invented a "knock" system to indicate the rows and columns of a simple checkerboard (Polybius square at 5x5 for English or 6x6 for 35 Russian letters). For ex:
1 2 3 4 5
1 U N Ij T E
2 D S A O F KW=United States Of
3 M R C B G America
4 H K L P Q i/j = same cell
5 V W X Y Z repeats omitted
PT: g o t a c i g a r e t t e ?
CT: 35 24 14 23 33 13 35 23 32 15 14 14 15
Prisoners memorized the proper numbers and "talked" at about
10-15 words per minute. One of the advantages was that it
afforded communication by a great variety of media - anything
that could be dotted, knotted, pierced, flashed or indicate
numerals in any way could be used. The innocuous letter was
always suspicious. [KAH1]Cipher text letters were indicated by the number of letters written together; breaks in count by spaces in handwriting; upstrokes, downstrokes, thumbnail prints, all subtly used to bootleg secrets in and out of prisons. The system was universal in penal institutions. American POW's used it in Vietnam. [LEWY], [SOLZ]
Transposition of the KW provided a further mixed alphabet:
B L A C K S M I T H
D E F G N O P Q R U
V W X Y Z
taken off by columns:
B D V L E W A F X C G Y K N Z S O M P I Q T R H U
The Polybius square would be:
1 2 3 4 5
1 B D V L E
2 W A F X C
3 G Y K N Z
4 S O M P I
5 Q T R H U
The Nihilists, so named for their opposition to the czarist
regime, added a repeating numerical KW . Making the cipher a
periodic similar to the Vigenere but with additional
weaknesses.
Let KW = ARISE 22 53 45 41 15
PT: bomb winter palace
NT: 11 42 43 11 21 45 34 52 15 53 44 22 14 22 25 15
Key: 22 53 45 41 15 22 53 45 41 15 22 53 45 41 15 22
CT: 33 97 88 52 36 67 87 97 56 68 66 75 59 63 40 37
or with bifurcation:
33978 85236 67879 75668 66755 96340 37774
nulls=774
A simpler form of the Nihilist was in double transposition.
The plain-text was written in by rows (or diagonals); a keyword
switched the rows; a same or different keyword switched the
columns, and the resulting cipher text was removed by columns
or by one of forty (40) or more routes out of the square.
ex: KW = SCOTIA or 524631
PT: let us hear from you at once concerning jewels xxxx
Transpose by Columns Transpose by Rows
S C O T I A
5 2 4 6 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 S E U H T L (let us h) S 5 E U J W T O
2 R A F O R E C 2 R A F O R E
3 A Y U T O M O 4 A N E B C O
4 A N E B C O T 6 X L X X S E
5 E U J W T O I 3 A Y U T O M
6 X L X X S E A 1 S E U H T L
X= bad choice for nullsThe resulting cryptogram:
E U J W T O R A F O R E A N E B C O X L X X S E A Y U T O M S E U H T L.(message length and 5th group are entries to solution)
Clues to cryptanalysis of the Nihilist systems were reconstructing the routes, evenness of distribution of vowels, period determination and digram/trigram frequency in cipher text. The USA Army for many years used a similar system. Reference [COUR] discusses the U.S. Army Double Transposition Cipher in detail.
The Vic-Disruption Cipher brought the old Nihilist Substitution to a peak of perfection. It merged the straddling checkerboard with the one-time key. It increased the efficiency of the checkerboard by specifically giving the high frequency letters (O,S,N,E,A; P,G ) the single digits (along with two low frequency letters). The seven letters: 'snegopa' comprise about 40% of normal Russian text. Let me focus on interesting elements.
STRADDLING BIPARTITE MONOALPHABETIC SUBSTITUTION SUPER- ENCIPHERED BY MODIFIED DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION or simply, VIC - DISRUPTION or just "VIC."
The VIC algorithm is described as follows:
The plain text is encoded by a Substitution Table (ST). The
intermediate cipher text [ICT] is then passed through two (2)
transposition tables (TT1 and TT2), each performing a different
transposition on the ICT.
TT1 performs a simple columnar transposition: the ICT is placed in TT1 by rows and removed by columns in the order of TT1's columnar key and transcribed into TT2.
TT2 is vertically partitioned into Disruption , or D areas. These partitions are formed by diagonals extending down the table to the right boundary in columnar key order. The first D area begins under column keynumber 1 and extends down to the right border of TT2. A row is skipped. The second D area starts under keynumber 2. The process continues for the entire key. The number of rows in TT2 .ne. TT1 and is calculated by dividing the number of cipher text input digits by the width of the table.
The ICT from TT1 is inscribed into TT2 horizontally from left to right skipping the D areas. When all the non D area is filled , then the D areas are filled in the same way. The cipher text is removed by column per key order without regard to the D areas.
The VIC system used four memorized keys. Key 1 - the date of WWII victory over Japan - 3/9/1945; Key 2 - the sequence of 5 numbers like pi - 3.1415; Key 3 - the first 20 letters of the "Lone Accordion", or famous Russian song/poem, and Key 4 - the agent number, say 7. Key 1 was changed regularly. Key 4 was changed irregularly.
The keys were used to generate the keys for transposition and the coordinates for a checkerboard for substitution through a complex LRE (Left to right enumeration) logic. The process injected an arbitrary 5 number group into the cipher text which strongly influenced the end result. This group changed from message to message, so the enciphering keys (and cipher text) would bear no exploitable relationship to each other. Not only did TT1 and TT2 keys differ but also the widths of the blocks did as well.
The coordinates kept changing. The D areas prevented the analyst from back derivation of the first TT1. The D areas increased the difficulty of finding the pattern and the straddling effect on the checkerboard increased the difficulty of frequency counts. Although not impossible to break, in practice a tough monkey indeed. The FBI failed for four years to solve it.
All arithmetic was done modulo 10, without carrying or borrowing.
An English ST table might look like this:
4 9 1 6 0 8 5 2 3 7
R E A S O N b
2 B C D F G H J K L M
3 P Q I U V W X T Z 1
7 3 5 7 9 . , b $ % -
b = space charactertop line are among most frequent English letters similar to 'SNEGOPAD' in Russian.
Ambiguity in decipherment is reduced because the last three slots in the first row are empty and the first coordinate of the two coordinate characters is unique.
[VOGE] gives a detailed look at the key generation recursion mathematics for this cipher. It describes the LRE (left to right enumeration) process in nauseating detail.
The TT1 and TT2 are built up on the recursion sequence X(i+5) = X(i) + X(i+1) for i = 1,5 using mod 10 math. Key 1 was used to insert at end of message (5th unit in this example). Key 1 was also the initial point for a series of manipulations with Key 2,3,and 4.
Hayhanen incorporated some nasty refinements. Before encipherment, the plain text was bifurcated and the two halves switched so that the standard beginnings and endings could not be identified. The ST contained a 'message starts' character. The ST was extended to ASCII characters. The VIC encipherment consisted of one round. After 1970, with the advent of programmable hand calculators, a multiple round version was produced.
Consisting of simple enough elements, this cipher is one tough monkey.
The complication in substitution was the straddling device on the checkerboard. The irregular alternating of coordinates of two different lengths makes it harder for cryptanalysis by dividing the list into proper pairs and singletons.
The complication in the transposition was the Disruption areas.
D areas blocked the reconstruction of the first tableau. A
correct sorting of the columns is forestalled by the D areas.
The One-Time Pad was covered in LECTURE 3 and we are reminded
that it is truly an unbreakable cipher system. There are many
descriptions of this cipher. Bruce Schneier's discussions are
quite relevant. [SCHN] , [SCH2]
The One-Time Pad has a drawback - the quantities of fresh key
required. For military messages in the field (a fluid
situation) a practical limit is reached. It is impossible to
produce and distribute sufficient fresh key to the units.
During WWII, the US Army's European theater HQs transmitted,
even before the Normandy invasion, 2 million five (5) letter
code groups a day! It would have therefore consumed 10 million
letters of key every 24 hours - the equivalent of a shelf of 20
average books. [SCHN]
The Four Corner System encodes characters into several generic
shapes. Each character is broken into four (4) quadrants, and
assigned a digit to the generic shape that best corresponds to
the actual shape.
The Chinese Phonetic Alphabet is Pinyin with symbols instead of
English letters. Each symbol corresponds to one of 37 ordered
phonetic sounds. The 21 initial, 3 medial and 13 finals are a
unique ordered set - a true alphabet.
The strength of encryption of Chinese is dependent on the
specific Chinese encoding character schemes. Three cases are:
Tone indicator digits were about 22--23% likely.
Dr. August presents a table of digraphs. [AUG2] Combinations
of Xn - Ym where n= 0-9 and m=0,1,2,3,4,7 showed highest
frequencies of text encoded with 5 digit scheme.
The Chinese strategist Sun Tzu (500 b.c.) recommended a true
but small code, which limited the plaintext to 40 elements
and assigned them to the first 40 characters of a poem, forming
a substitution table. Richard Deacon describes a method of
code encryption which the secret society Triads used in the
early 1800's. [DEAC] The Tong's in San Francisco used the
same system. This method limited the plaintext space and based
codewords on multiples of three.
The "Inner Ring" techniques taught to Sa Bu Nim's (teachers)
by the masters of Korean Tae Kwon Do (which came from the
Ancient Tae Kwan and before that Kung Fu) were passed on by
means of codeword transposition ciphers. [CHOI] In 1985, Sun
Yat-Sen used codes to transmit information by telegraph.
[TUKK]) During WWII, Herbert Yardley taught Kuomintang
soldiers to cryptanalyze Japanese ciphers. However, the
Japanese had already outpaced the Chinese in cryptanalytical
abilities.
Japan's Chuo tokujobu (Central Bureau Of Signal Intelligence)
was responsible for crypto-communication and signal
intelligence, including cryptanalysis, translation,
interception, and direction finding against the Soviet Union,
China and Britain. It began operations in 1921. [YUKI],[YAR1]
In May 1928, the Angohan (Codes and Ciphers Office) obtained
excellent results in intercepting and decoding Chinese codes
during the Sino-Japanese clash at Tsinan between Chiang
Kaishek's Northern Expeditionary Army and the IJA (Imperial
Japanese Army). [FUMI]
The warlord Chang Tso-lin was murdered in June 1928. Angohan
succeeded in decoding "Young Marshal" Chang Hsueh-liang's
secret communications and made a substantial contribution to
the understanding of the warlord politics of Manchuria. [SANB]
The Anjohan not only mastered the basics of Chinese codes and
ciphers but also broke the Nanking Government and the Chinese
Legation codes in Tokyo. [YOKO]
The Chinese codes in 1935 were called "Mingma". They were
basically made up of four digit numbers. The Chinese did not
encode the name of either the sender or receiver, nor the date
or the time of the message. The China Garrison Army's
Tokujohan office was able to disclose the composition,
strength, and activities of Chiang Kai-shek's branch armies,
such as those led by Sung Che-yuan and Chang Hseuh-liang. It
was not able to decode the Chinese Communist or Air Force
messages. [HIDE]
By the time of the 1937 Sino-Japanese War, Japanese
cryptanalytical experts had been able to greatly expand their
knowledge of the Chinese system of codes and ciphers, as well
as improve their decoding skills. About 80% of what was
intercepted was decoded. This included military and diplomatic
codes but not the Communist code messages. [EIIC]
Chinese Nationalists upgraded their Mingma codes in 1938. They
adopted a different system, called tokushu daihon (special code
book) in Japanese which complicated by mixing compound words.
By October, 1940, Chiang Kai-shek's main forces were using a
repeating key system. This stumped the Japanese cryptanalysts
for a short time, then they returned to a 75% decoding level
during the war. They continued to make great contributions to
major military operations in China. [HIDE]
The Japanese broke the Kuomintang codes during the Chungyuang
Operation in the Southern Shansi or Chungt'iao Mountain
Campaign. [CHUN] In February 1941, significant penetration
of Communist signal traffic was obtained. [YOKO]
The tokujo operations against the North China Area Army and the
Chinese Communist codes was tragic failure. [HISA] The IJA's
China experts held a highly negative image towards the Chinese.
This may have prejudiced their attitude towards intelligence
estimates of China and the Chinese which in turn adversely
affected their operational (crypto-intelligence) thinking on
China in general. [THEO]
When the Sian mutiny broke out and Chiang Kai-shek was
kidnapped in December 1936, Major General Isogai (IJA's leading
expert in COMINT for China) toasted (more like roasted) the
demise of Chiang. Colonel Kanji Ishiwara (Japan's chief
military strategist) deplored the incident because he felt
China was on the brink of unity because of Chiang Kai-shek's
efforts. He considered the ability to read Chiang's codes just
a matter of doing the business of war. [SHIN]
The Latin alphabet is the same as the English-language
alphabet, except that it has no equivalents for K, W, J, or U.
These have crept into current usage for their phonetic value.
The J replaced I as in hic jacet instead of the classical hic
iacet. The letter W has no equivalent. The letter U was the
Greek Y, and in classical times was written as a U. C is now
used to form the hard sound as in CEL instead of KEL. A double
UU approximated a W. Latin therefore is a 25 letter alphabet.
The order of frequency according to Kluber, reduced to
percentages, taken from reference [TRAI]:
IC = .0647
Vowels A, E I O - 33%
Consonants D L N R S T - 41% of letters
Hungarian has four special characteristics:
Ger-4. Ungerechtes Schicksal. Eng. K4 GEMINATOR
Any mistakes you find are quite likely mine. Please let me
know about them by e-mailing: Thanks.ONE-TIME PAD REVISITED
FRESH KEY DRAWBACK
RANDOMNESS
CHINESE CRYPTOGRAPHY
ENCIPHERING
3
Xj = U v1 eq 1
1-3
This union is called an asymmetric code.
1). Phonetic Alphabet Only: The cipher must include both a
transposition (to hide cohesion and positional
limitations) and a substitution (to hide the frequency
patterns.)
2) Four Corner System: The cipher can be based on ring
operations [performed on codewords rather than
characters, either on an individual basis or over the
whole message; the name comes from the algebraic
operations involving integers mod 10 or mod 37] which
super-encipher the encoded text.
3) Combination of Methods 1) and 2): A text encoded by a
combination of both methods will need a cipher employing
both transposition and substitution. The transposition
needs to mix up the symbols within codewords and the
message itself. This prevents a bifurcated analysis.
[AUG1], [AUG2]
CRYPTANALYSIS OF CHINESE CIPHERS
A) Phonetic Alphabet:
12.6 7 5.7 4.8 4.2 3.8 3.4 3 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.2
I U D ENG/E an/en SH X/ZH J/u G O ao H
2.1 2 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
ang a/b/ai/B/z ei Q ou/M ie L F R
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.1
t n/c ch k/s p/el
Initials: sh, d
Medials: i
Finals: e, en, eng, in, un, ing, ong
Phi for monalphabetic substitution = 0.051
(random text = 0.027)
Common Digraphs:
ji, ieng, ueng, gu, de, ian, iie, li, ien,
qi, xi, uo, izh, zu, shi
Positional Limitations:
1. Initials follow a medial or final.
2. Finals follow an initial or medial.
3. [zh, ch, sh ] do not combine with i or u'.
4. [ j, q, x ] do not combine with a or e finals.
5. qa, qan = no but quan, qian, qia = yes
6. no double phonetics in a single codeword.
7. medials double frequently.
8. 13 limits on combinations within a codeword.
Approximately 63% of characters require 2 phonetic symbols.
About 1/3 were three long, and about 4% are one symbol.B) Four Corner
Digital frequencies: 0 = .30
1 = .14
2 = .15
3 = .07
4 = .10
5 = .03
6 = .07
7 = .08
8 = .04
9 = .02
Phi value = 0.160 compared to random text value of 0.100DEPENDENCE
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
LATIN
I - 10.1 M - 3.4 V - 0.7
E - 9.2 C - 3.3 X - 0.6
U - 7.4 P - 3.0 H - 0.5
T - 7.2 L - 2.1 J - 0
A - 7.2 D - 1.7 K - 0
S - 6.8 G - 1.4 Y - 0
R - 6.8 Q - 1.3 Z - 0
N - 6.0 B - 1.2
O - 4.4 F - 0.9
Vowels: I E U A O
Consonants: T S R N M C P L D Q B F V X H
Initials: S I A P E Q C V M D N F H R T U L O G J
Finals: S E T M A I O N D R L C U
Doubled Letters: S L M P T C N R U Z
Vowel Combinations:
AE AU AI ; EA EI EO ; IA IO IE IAE ; OA OE OI OAE OIA ;
UA UE UI UO UU UAE UIA UIU
Consonant combinations:
NT ST ND SP PB CT SG NS NP LT
Frequent reversals:
UM EN ER NT TI TE ON RT RE ES IS ME IT TA US SE IC TU
ST IE PE CI RU
Digraph endings:
IS UM US AM AE TA NT EN RE OS AS UE ES RA AT IT ET IA IO
OB ST SE TE RI OR UR ER NI RI UI NO EL DI PE NA VA NS ED IN NE
SA MO SI SO RO
Trigraph word endings:
ERE QUE UNT RIS RUS IUM LIS LUM TIS UAM UOD NTA ARE IAM
NIS RAT NEM ROS TAS TES TIO ANT ATA CAE CUM ENT ITA IUS LAE NAM
NES NIA RUM URA VIS TEM TAE TUS
Favorite letter positions:
A H 2H 2E N 2E E
B H O 2H 2E
C H P H
D H E Q H 2H
E H 2H E R 2H 2E
F H S E H
G E H T E 2E H
H 2H E H U 2H 2E
I 3E 2E 2H V H
J H W (rare) H
K E X 2H 2E
L 2E 2H Y E 2H
M H Z 2E E H
H=head, first letter, 2H = second letter, E=last letter,
2E= next to last letter
Common short words:
IN ET AD SI PER UBI SED UNA VIA HIC PRO CUM QUI QUO QUOD
IPSE ATQUE QUARE QUIDEM
Pattern words:
NON BENE FERE QUISQUE
Vowel percentage: 44%
Vowel / consonant ratio: 8/10
Average word length: 7
One-letter words: A E I O
Two-letter words:
AB AC AD AB AT DA DE DO EA EI EN EO ES ET EX HI ID II IN IS IT
ME NE NI OB OS RE SI TE TU UT
Three letter words:
AGO ARA AUT AVE BIS COR CUM CUR DIU DUO DUX EGI EGO FIO HIC HOC
HUC IAM IBI IRA ITA IUS LEX LUX MOX MUS NAM NEC NIX NON NOX NUM
PAR PAX PER PES PRO QUA QUI QUO RES REX RUS SED SEX SIC SOL STO
SUM SUS TAM TUM UBI VAE VEL VIA VIR VIS VIX
Latin Bigram Table
Basis 10,000 letters and spaces from Reference [ALBE]
Second Letter
A E I O U B C D F G H K
- 156 145 146 36 60 11 99 65 39 7 35 4
A 113 77 8 20 42 15 58 6
E 197 27 7 7 1 5 26 18 4 11 1
I 89 43 12 6 59 68 51 60 34 12 26 4
O 61 1 3 10 37 19 1 2
U 8 73 61 50 22 2 17 2 11
B 15 12 26 33 3 22
C 29 49 28 31 68 3 4 3
F D 53 16 61 87 9 17 3 1
i F 3 7 9 23 11 9 5
r G 2 5 18 14 4 10 1
s H 23 3 14 8 4
t K 4 8
L 10 46 39 106 10 13 2 1
L M 248 28 33 28 22 23 1
e N 57 48 49 59 40 38 33 39 4 19
t P 2 12 34 12 43 14 1
t Q 4 167
e R 87 96 76 101 30 56 4 6 7 1 2 1
r S 276 14 64 83 30 47 34 1 2
T 191 96 125 142 20 91 6
V 3 7 42 24 27 1
X 28 1 2 7 2
Y 5
Z 1
L M N P Q R S T V X Y Z
53 36 79 113 92 36 151 46 68 3 1
A 63 89 62 12 4 59 45 81 4 2
E 18 78 85 11 21 175 84 93 3 35
I 25 49 143 24 9 10 137 113 3 4
O 13 27 134 6 4 65 46 13 5 2
U 37 119 63 9 60 105 70 1
B 1 4 5
C 2 24 40 5
D 2 1 1 1 2 2
F 1 12
G 1 13 8
H
K
L 33 12
M 7 10 13 5 2
N 4 3 56 136 10
P 17 3 42 15 11
Q
R 1 6 1 3 2 2 9 26 3 1
S 7 5 11 39 72 3 7
T 19 23 35
V
X 6 1
Y
Z
NORWEGIAN
16 8 7 6 5 4 2 1 - 0
E RNS T AI LDO GKM UVFHPA' JB0 Y AE C WXZQ
Average word length - 4.77 letters. Compound words are long.
One- Letter Words:
I 81% A' 16% A 2% O A AE 0 1%
Two letter words:
OG 23% ER 14% EN 10% AV /DE 9% ET PA' AT FA' SA'
DA NA' OM VI JO SA JA MA' SE TO UT VE
Three letter words:
OPP 38% ENN 23% INN 15% OSS 15% ALL 8%
Four letter words:
OSGA' 15% BARE 12% ALLE 9% FOLK 9% HVEM SINE
STOR GATE GODT HVIS IDAG LAND MENS MIDT
Doubles:
LL KK NN TT MM SS PP GG RR DD FF
Digraphs:
EN ER DE ET TE ST NE OR RE KE AN ME SE SK
Reversals:
EN ER DE ET ES EL LI AV GE
Initials:
S FM D HAENT BKV GI JLP RU A0
Finals:
E RT N G S KM A A'DLV IO BPYAE FHU0
Phoenix's soon to be published ACA Xenocrypt Handbook
gives further data on digraphs and trigraphs representing less
than 2% of totals.HUNGARIAN
1. It agglutinates - adjectives, possessives are expressed by
suffixes.
2. It has vowel harmony - they fall into high and low vowel
categories. High - E, I, OE, UE and Low- A O U. In a word
they are all either high or low.
3. It assimilates consonants - usually the third or fourth
letter from the end. Many doubles.
4. It has no gender differentiation.
Per cent letter frequencies based on 10,001 letters:
E - 16.04 K - 4.47 D - 1.93
A - 12.55 I - 4.29 B - 1.78
T - 8.35 M - 4.11 H - 1.42
O - 6.56 R - 3.48 J - 0.99
S - 6.56 G - 3.16 F - 0.94
L - 5.66 U - 2.33 C - 0.52
N - 5.49 Y - 2.03 P - 0.52
Z - 4.79 V - 1.94
Doubles (in 10,001 letter count):
TT 104 BB 25 RR 10
SS 42 KK 24 II 9
LL 35 NN 22 GG 7
AA 31 ZZ 11
EE 27 MM 11
Most frequent bigrams:
OE 229 AL 126 SA 94
EL 225 AS 123 KA 91
TA 219 LE 118 ZA 90
SZ 207 NE 110 LA 89
ES 201 UE 110 ZO 88
EN 185 EM 110 AK 87
EG 155 GY 108 KE 87
ET 151 AZ 101 AM 86
TE 149 EK 97 KO 86
AN 145 LA 96 EZ 80
AT 136 AR 95 MA 79
ER 133 SE 95 RE 79
ME 127 TO 95
Initials:
V E M K S A H T F N L B I O J C U P R G D
Finals:
T N K E A S I M L G Y Z R D O B U P C
Groups:
Vowels A E I O U 41.77 %
LNRST 29.54
JKQYZ 9.93
EATOS 50.06
EATOSLNZK 70.47
HJFCP 4.39
Simple words based on a count of 1,000 words:
ES - and (before vowels) 96
AZ - that 20
EGY - one 14
S - and 11
MEG - 6
EL - away 5
TE - thou 5
HA - if 4
ITT - here 3
A - one 68
EZ - this 17
NEM - no 6
Hungarian Bigram Table
Basis 10,000 letters and spaces from Reference [HUNG]
Second Letter
A B C D E F G H I J K
A 31 41 4 22 15 22 56 55 33 28 87
B 57 25 52 1 3 1
C 6 3 5
D 28 1 1 3 48 3 3 15 1
E 28 26 3 47 27 21 155 19 19 21 97
F 7 21 3 25
G 40 9 46 4 7 11 13 3 6
F H 67 21 15
i I 34 7 6 16 9 1 26 2 9 5 59
r J 35 1 6 16 3 1
s K 91 6 3 1 87 6 4 2 38 1 24
t L 96 5 3 7 118 7 6 4 15 10 18
M 79 18 5 1 127 5 9 58 5 3
L N 59 7 8 40 110 7 9 2 18 1 38
e O 3 11 1 13 229 1 25 2 1 51
t P 7 16 3 3 3
t R 50 1 13 10 79 5 6 1 19 1 10
e S 94 3 1 5 95 5 1 8 18 5 22
r T 219 10 3 3 149 1 6 14 59 5 19
U 4 1 12 110 1 9 2 4 4 1
V 89 5 61 13
Y 41 1 1 1 43 1 5 18 2
Z 90 6 122 1 6 2 28 3 3
L M N O P R S T U V Y Z
A 126 86 145 1 18 95 123 136 3 27 101
B 5 3 3 14 5 5 1 3
C 3 1 34
D 1 9 1 41 3 1 15 13 6
E 225 110 185 1 18 133 201 151 37 80
F 18 19 1
G 4 7 1 15 7 6 6 7 12 108 4
H 1 37 1
I 18 7 56 1 7 9 71 35 10 28 13
J 1 22 3 7 1 3
K 4 21 6 86 9 9 14 28 4
L 35 31 15 57 4 6 7 73 6 13 24 6
M 6 11 7 35 2 17 9 14 8 2
N 6 11 22 22 3 19 72 11 12 57 15
O 65 33 62 1 1 41 37 49 4 26
P 1 11 1 2 2 2 1
R 9 11 4 42 10 18 41 16
S 4 18 13 29 4 42 43 15 14 10 207
T 22 42 6 95 1 4 20 104 37 12 4
U 19 3 12 2 9 7 24 3 6
V 21 2 3
Y 6 15 3 14 2 2 16 6 23 3
Z 11 2 6 88 3 18 49 21 9 11
LECTURE 5 HOMEWORK ANSWERS
QV FHOHIC ICMPC KQM IXWWM QW KML WFMPM KMI
*IQLQHI, KMI *PHWKICMLWI, KFPML KQM "*PHWKIC-
FOMI," KQM AMKML VMWIJP WXJP CQMLM VXMOMW.
Kw= LICHT
Im August steht die Sonne in der Naehe des Sirius, des
Hundsterns daher die "Hundstages," die weder Mensch noch
Tiere moegen.
PT: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
CT: F G J K M N O P Q R S U V W X Y Z L I C H T A B D E
After placing the crib at the 5th word, der, dess, and die
were immediately identified.
Kw's = question /unfair
Student besteht Pruefung zum zweiten mal nicht wieso fragt der
Freund Schicksalsschlag das selbe zimmer der selbe Professor
die selben fragen.
PT: z q u e s t i o n a b c d f g h j k l m p r v w x y
CT: U N F A I R B C D E G H J K L M O P Q S T V W X Y Z
IRFJA DRGAI RAMRT VFAKF DLUFS UXABR ADSEQ
DBHMR XBAIC KVELR JAVKV AFDJI HMBHP IEQII
HMQEL JEIIA QGAUB SSAVJ AVIAQ GATVC KAIIC
VJBAI AQGAD KVELA D. hints: (zum zw-; zimm-)
The three part crib can only be located in one position. A
first guess of ZIMMER gives der, die, and zweit. A guess of
FREUND yields much of the in the rest of the text.
Schicksalsschlag can be found in the dictionary.
Fre-1.
MON NOM square looks like this:
F G H I J K
A N E Z P I L
B S O T H U M
C B A R C D F
D G J K Q V W
E X Y - - - -
Split the cipher text after message group 13. Message reads:
Que Noel vous soit des plus agreables et l'an nouve aplein de
desirs accomplis.HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Lat-1 K2. (105) (sallust) Wars and Victors? SCARLET
F C D R J R B B Q C O Q C N T Z U N B R,
U R P R M Q C Z R H R M M Q C R G R O N D R M R.
N D U N K R M R U Q N S N O, R P N Z C N H D Z S F
B N U R M R , G R K F D N , U Q C S N U P F M R O
S R B N D P. * O Z B B Q O P [cum, bdghj=JGHIE]
Nor-1. K2 Cosmology. (*qwx, verden) NIL VIRONUS
I K P N H E R A M C K D A O A G P K M K N N K M K
M E K O K M Z L A G G K Q P H E V K M M K G K O K
G P D A O V F I I K G H K R F D O I F V F G N C F
J P K R K M I K G N F E K G G K N C K P F D Y K M
P K A G N P K A G.
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Text converted to HTML on June 16, 1998 by Joe Peschel.
jpeschel@aol.com.
Joe Peschel