The 1950s Secret
Discovery
of the Code of the Brain:
U.S. and Soviet Scientists Have Developed the Key to Consciousness for Military Purposes. How The U.S. Government Won the Arms Race to Control Man
This book is a description of the history and known facts of electromagnetic and neurological technology, within the framework of classified nonconsensual government experimentation. It is presented as a list of footnotes with brief commentary. It explains how the government, in particular the United States and the former Soviet Union have engineered science into a technology in order to target and control the mind and body for political and military purposes.
Email from Physician For Human Rights on cancellation of a human rights statistics project for mind control victims citing "fear for my family".
A 1983 Defense & Foreign Affairs article by the editor Dr. Stefan Possony on Soviet-US mind control technology. A good summary of the "big picture."
Jonathan Tennenbaum describes development of Soviet electromagnetic weapons and the physics and biology behind the weapons. He gives clear, concise explanations which can be verified with the current level of scientific knowledge. There are also excerpts from several articles.
This is a list of what scientists are saying about brain research. It describes the physics, engineering and biology that is needed to develop mind control technology. This will explain what scientist believe it takes to decode the brain and the level of neurological research today. Will Russian and U.S. scientists develop neurological weapons on people or animals? This chapter logically and factually supports allegations by victims that brain functions and every nerve of the body can be controlled remotely with current technology.
Korean brainwashing of the 1950s is briefly described. this is a turning point in the history of mind control. A few sample articles demonstrate that there was a pronounced political will to support a massive effort to control man before the Russians do, to solve the mysteries of the brain for military purposes.
The history of science and military, corporations and government involvement from the 1940s up to today. There was a massive, classified military research effort to fight the cold war. There are many excerpts listed in support the fact that mind control technology could be developed out of the public eye and with the support of top officials. The top scientists of the nation work in teams to solve specific problems, such as the government Killian Panel, the Cybernetics Group, RAND, the secretive non-governmental Institute for Defense Analysis and it's JASON Group and the Golden Fleece and the Brain Research Institute. Examples are given of eminent scientists with government funding for research related to decoding the brain.
This is an interesting and well-documented history of sensors technology, highly classified and billions of tax dollars spent on its development during the Vietnam War. The U.S. military and corporations then sell this technology to Europe. There are many articles listed here which describe the importance and funding of bionics, replacing man with electronic eyes and ears. This is the foundation for a bureaucracy to distribute mind control technology throughout the world.
This chapter describes the targeting of whole populations with electromagnetic mind control. Top government officials state unequivocally that it can be developed and there have been many rumors over the years, reported in major newspapers. The goal of controlling man for political purposes continues. Here are a few of the many examples.
This chapter states what the brain code is in general terms. This is a summary of the Soviet discovery of the genetic code of the brain, how the U.S. surpassed the Soviets and the pioneers of this amazing history. Government mind control technology has been developed, is firmly in place today and is in the plans for the future. It is important to match the description of victim's allegations to the mind control technology so that they may find a timely solution.
Editor's note. Some chapters are long, over 20 pages and include the original material because of their importance and for documentation. The main points of this book are highlighted and arranged with headings so that it may be skimmed.
This book came about as a result of research for alleged victims of mind control experimentation. Illegal experimentation using electromagnetic weapons technology on U.S. citizens has been going on throughout the cold war, continues today and is in use as an intelligence tool and military weapon today. Please see CAHRA website for background information. This book goes to the roots of the problem. It is a beginning and establishes the who, what, why, when and where behind mind control technology. This book will put together important facts that unfortunately, the U.S. government will never admit until they are caught. The evidence is growing. It will be up to the reader to put the facts together.
This book will show that scientists, governments and the military were and are interested in finding the key to human consciousness. The military would like to have ultimate control over humans. Scientists would like to find the scientific basis for consciousness. Victims of government experimentation, who can verify the sophistication of the technology know that signals of the brain can be remotely read, decoded and that simulated brain signals can also be sent to the victim. This book is a start on the path to describe the scientific basis of the technology used to destroy unwitting victims of mind control experiments. I hope that this will stimulate further research.
Most scientists agree that to find the brain code would be a tremendous undertaking, like the Manhattan Project to develop the bomb, the space program to go to the moon or the gene mapping program. Funding and scientific coordination is required for projects such as this. In the 1940s, both Russia and the United States were very interested in this topic. And if there were a mind control arms race, as indicated by several independent documents, the political will would necessitate a mind control "Manhattan Project". This book will present the basic scientific theory of the brain code as described by scientists. And it will give examples of the development of this technology and how it could be hidden from the U.S. public.
Many historical facts make sense in light of this hypothesis. Why has the United States denied the "nonthermal" theory of electromagnetic effects on biological organisms and yet the Russian scientific literature documents this fact going back to the 1920s? Why is there a documented history of electromagnetic politics that leads to a U.S. cover up beginning in the 1940s? A large military project to use electromagnetic technology for military and political purposes would be a logical explanation.
This history is barely beginning to be told. There have been rumors for years. When the information is finally declassified, it will be an amazing and tragic history. There is hope that a scientist who knows of this classified situation will share this information. In a similar way, the leaked confidential tobacco company papers by the tobacco employee was a heroic act and will save many children's lives eventually, as the tobacco companies are made to change their ways. As a gesture to humanity and to save thousands of alleged victims of nonconsensual electromagnetic and neurological experimentation, this could begin the process of dismantling the cold war thinking that has allowed horrific radiation experimentation and now mind control experiments.
This book starts with a small but powerful example and proves that while the best evidence is still classified, there is still proof that the U.S. government is conducting mind control experiments and using the technology without consent of the target.
Next, this book will present a few representative articles written by well-known scientists and professionals on mind control and electromagnetic technology. The first article is by a Hoover Institute Fellow, Dr. Possony. It is a good overview of the whole situation. There will then be excerpts from articles on solitons and their role in mind control technology on a quantum level.
Next there will be excerpts from papers by Jonathan Tennenbaum, editor of Fusion magazine. There are clear physics and biological descriptions of the mind control weapons which have been developed by the Russians. The history of this development is described and excellent footnotes for further reading are included. Other sources verify the premise that the Soviets have developed mind control technology since at least the 1940s.
The next section includes excerpts from several articles and demonstrate the interest in electromagnetic technology and the brain by scientists and the military for over 50 years. Other articles will show that the brain's electromagnetic signals can be remotely detected by SQUID. There will be current articles in support of the fact that science has decoded the brain signals so that direct communication with the brain is possible. While it is true that this is highly classified, there are still strong indications of this fact. Classification has been used to cover up radiation experiments and even though there was proof, for various reasons, it was ignored. Again, history is repeating for mind control victims. It is important to note that the highly technical and sophisticated electromagnetic technology which is briefly described in this section, matches the symptoms that victims have described and documented.
This short section describes the Korean brainwashing scare of the 1950s and how much scientific effort and money was put into behavior control experiments by the CIA. This event would provide the political will necessary to fund mind control research and to start the search to find out how the Russians were brainwashing Korean soldiers and find the antidote. The search for the decoding the brain intensified in the 1950s as several article will demonstrate.
The following section describes the U.S. government during the 1940s through the present time. The classification, the cold war mentality, the scientists and their interest in brain research is well-illustrated from several different sources. There are many research leads to follow. The science and government relationship that exploded during World War II has had an effect on this problem and will be briefly mentioned. The funding of scientists and how scientists worked in elite groups such as RAND corporation and the Jasons Group, a part of the Institute for Defense Analysis is described. Out of the public eye, there was no accountability and no public input. A few examples of problems are described.
There is a large section on the development of sensors technology because it explains so well how the military has worked with scientists. The Electronic Battlefield by Paul Dickson is one of the few books which portrays the negative side of the military and supports his claims with many footnotes. There are many ideas on how to work on mind control technology issues that can be found in this book.
The newspaper articles on electromagnetic technology which can be broadcast over populations for warfare and psychoactive effects will be listed with excerpts. The numerous citations and excerpts are listed in order to answer the question of how the government could technically do this and to show that the government was interested in this technology in order to fight the cold war.
The U.S. government has decoded the brain. This is important to know about because there are allegations of abuse and there is no accountability or public input. Until someone stops the U.S. government, the problem will continue to get worse. The number of victims of government experimentation is increasing. And all of the experts say that electromagnetic weapons are as serious as the atomic bomb(see CAHRA website, nonlethal weapons.) The warnings are there.
This problem has been around for years and it is highly classified but that does not mean it doesn't exist. The many excerpts from several independent sources are adding up to the same conclusion. There is nonconsensual government electromagnetic experimentation and it is a tragedy that needs to be dealt with. On a more hopeful note, this article can prove that the mislabel of mental illness, which most victims have endured, is a thing of the past. There is too much evidence now. That is why it is important to keep researching, so that it will never happen again.
There is a problem. Here is one example of irrefutable proof.
An email from a physician from the group Physicians for Human Rights is convincing evidence of the seriousness of this problem. It is one of the common replies received by victims. This doctor wrote on biological warfare and was very active in human rights issues. When asked to write a medical report on allegations by victims of electromagnetic weapons testing experimentation this was the reply on March 10, 1997.
"...After a lot of consideration, I've decided that I cannot undertake this project. I have a family, and feel unable to subject them to any risks that might result because of my involvement."
The following important article was written by one of "the greatest strategic philosophers of the 20th Century", founder of International Strategic Studies Association, former member of Mankind Research Unlimited and former psychological warfare expert with the Office of Naval Research. Dr. Possony stated that mind control is feasible and militarily important. The article is a good overview of the Soviet-U.S. race to develop mind control technology and a precise explanation for why there is illegal experimentation going on to this day. Here is the entire article, with its many research leads.
Possony, Stefan.(1983,July). Scientific Advances Hold Dramatic Prospects for Psy-Strat. Defense & Foreign Affairs. P.34.
Associate Editor Dr. Stefan Possony discusses how scientists are facing the prospect of messaging directly into a target mind. Whither psy-war?
The history of psyops technology is about 200 years old, and it will continue to progress. Hence it is most important to look into the future. It is no longer really difficult to send messages to the targets; that is, the persons who are to be influenced. The target cannot be reached if he is not interested in the originator, nor in his message, or if his interest is perfunctory. He is unattainable also if he is bored, and if he finds it more pleasurable to listen to competitors, who are multiplying.
The target cannot be persuaded to listen. It is the other way around; he may listen if he already is fully or partially persuaded, and if the program is attractive in addition to informative, and if it helps him in his activities.
Psyops technology is more or less in hand. Its better utilization is at present precluded in most instances by political ineptitude and by international opposition. The importance of better programming is recognized as a theory, but new ideas and fundamental improvements are rare. Hence success often is a matter of hit or miss. At this point, let us forget about history and current events, and let us resolutely turn to the future; I want to alert you that psyops technology may advance from communicating to direct signaling. Some developments in this reqard are already taking place.
X-rays and gamma rays are located at the upper end portion of the electromagnetic energy frequency spectrum. What is at the lower end? The most important of all of nature's phenomena.
Suppose it becomes feasible to affect brain cells by low frequency waves or beams, thereby altering psychological states, and making it possible to transmit suggestions and commands directly into the brain.
Who is so rash as to doubt that technological breakthroughs of this general type would not be put promptly to psyops use? More importantly who would seriously assume that such a technology would not be deployed to accomplish political and military surprise?
A few years ago there was much excitement about the Soviet microwave "bombardment" of the US Embassy in Moscow. Why did the KGB, then under Yuri Andropov's leadership, embark on this seemingly scurrilous -- and very prolonged --effort? There was no answer to this question, except that the KGB must have wished to harass US diplomats and cause them to worry about their health. this theory was never convincing.
The question was raised whether the Soviets had discovered a technique of using microwaves for psychological purposes, and whether they were experimenting with this technique on US specialists on the USSR, unwittingly pressed into Soviet service as guinea pigs.
Impossible, replied the State Department, the waves cannot break through the blood-brain barrier, and thermal effects are so negligible that the body would not be affected. Nevertheless, embassy personnel were indemnified for health damage.
By 1979, at the latest, it was known that electromagnetic fields raising body temperatures less than .1 degrees Celsius may result in somatic changes. It was most surprising that such a trivial temperature rise was having any effects, and even more astonishing that those effects were significant.
Chemical, physiological and behavioral changes can occur within "windows" of frequency and energy continua. One of those windows is connected with navigation in marine vertebrates and with biological rhythms of humans. Another is at the level of the human electroencephalogram (EEG), which is in the range of extremely low radio and sound waves, around 20 Hertz.
Those findings remain unexplained. they seemed to require energy amplification of the initial stimulus by some 12 orders of magnitude. No such amplification was deemed to be feasible, and none was discovered.
Let us cut the story to the minimum. The original model, according to which the blood-brain barrier cannot be broken, was derived from the axiom that electromagnetic waves interact with tissue in a linear manner. However, it turned out that the molecular vibrations caused by a stimulating extracellular electromagnetic field are non-linear. Utterly unexpectedly, they take the form of soliton waves which can transfer energy along long molecular chains.
By 1982 the term "soliton" finally made it to the technical dictionaries. Here is a definition from the 1982 McGraw-Hill scientific-technical dictionary: "A soliton wave...propagates without dispersing its energy over larger and larger regions of space." As I understand it, it would be more correct to say: "A soliton wave propagates suddenly acquired energy, or energy imparted by shock, without dispersing it."
Significance? Extracellular disturbances such as acoustic or electromagnetic bursts can be propagated across the cell membrane. In this, non-linearities in molecular dynamics rather than chemical kinetics are the key. Put differently, the 12-magnitude energy deficit is overcome, not by brute force, but by the formation of solitons.
Visualize the brain and its environment as structures of waves, and assume that shock waves create solitons. Then imagine that modern electronics with their flexibility, accuracy and speed are put to work.
In addition, the range of resonances probably will be increased. Hence many frequencies, and several options for the transmission of energy across the membranes of brain cells may become available. This may imply that the brain cells will be reachable diversely and flexibly, and perhaps routinely.
The discovery of cross-membrane coupling may be compared to the discovery of oxygen in 1772, which allowed the proof that phlogiston, the supposed element of fire, does not exist. Once the phlogiston idea was buried, chemistry and the chemical industry began their triumphal march across the world.
The exploration of the cross-membrane phenomenon is only at the beginning, and it is not yet possible to anticipate practical applications. As of now a new phenomenon has been discovered, probably. Nothing is as yet known or is known publicly, on how the soliton can be aimed to produce desired effects. Only a hypothesis can be stated: If the phenomenon can be utilized, this will in due time have crucial bearing both on the body and on the brain, and on defense.
The theory of cross-coupling was formulated by A.S. Davydov who, it seems, published the first purely theoretical version in 1976, and followed this up with a study on "Solitons as energy carriers in biological systems". By 1979 Davydov appeared to be linked to the Ukrainian Academy of Science.
It should be noted that Russian mathematicians were concerned with solitons before US scientists ever got interested. It is therefore conceivable that Davydov achieved his results long before publication, and also that the experiments which involved the US Embassy, produced findings which led to subsequent progress.
In the US, the pioneering work seems to have been done by Albert F. Lawrence and w. Ross Adey, writing in Neurological research, Volume 4, 1982. the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in Munich also discovered that cell membranes can be crossed. Eberhard Neumann and Guenther Gerisch found that a shock wave passing through an electric field may create ultra-quick processes within the membrane, and that through such "jumps in the field" (Feldsprfinge:this probably means solitons) senes can be transmitted and cells fused.
There is a differential in the tension of the inner and outer membrane which averages 1/70,000 of a volt. This corresponds to 70,000 volts per(theoretical) membrane thickness of one centimeter.(The real thickness of a membrane is0.1<-8> centimeter.)
The discovery was made unexpectedly in the course of research on electric fields in membranes and their impact on vital processes. This research requires measurements of events lasting not more than one nano-second(one billionth of a second), and it suggested that solitons generally increase the permeability of membranes. Thus, new perspectives on genetic "engineering" were suddenly opened. Moreover, it was possible to fuse no less than 50 cells into one supercell with 50 nuclei and one single membrane. We might as well forego assessing this monstrous novelty.
The Max Planck Institute broke into the membrane, so to speak, either without knowing about Davydov, Lawrence and Adey, or after learning about them while pursuing a different goal. In either event, a fundamental innovation, a breakthrough discovery or invention will be made several times, at different places, and be persons working independently from one another.
It is futile to speculate on who stands where in a race which has barely begun. But it can be postulated that the USSR probably has an ambitious research program, whereas in the US, while work is being done, no program --let alone a crash program--is in existence.
It is predictable that in the wake of Andropov's upgrading of psyops, the relevant programs in the USSR will be given an early and powerful boost.
Future psyops will have to be planned for perspectives which cannot be formulated before the US embarks on a major and totally novel research and development program. Meanwhile, it must be assumed that psyops will grow world wide, in strategic importance and in new forms.
The following report appeared in "Defense & Foreign Affairs Daily" on June 7, 1983:
On May 20, 1983 US newspapers printed an Associated Press story from the Veterans Hospital at Loma Linda, California that the Soviets developed a device, called Lida, to bombard human brains with radio waves. The radio beams and expected to serve as a substitute tranquilizers, and to treat sleeplessness, hypertension, and neurotic disturbances.
It is not yet determined whether Lida affects the immune and endocrine systems. Lida is reported to change behavior in animals. At the present, the device is on loan to Dr. Ross Adey, chief of research at Loma Linda. Adey started testing the machine three months ago, and hopes to complete his investigations within a year.
According to Dr. Adey, who repeatedly visited the USSR, the Soviets have used the machine on people since at least 1960. The machine is technically described as "a distant pulse treatment apparatus". It generates 40 megahertz radio waves which stimulate the brain's electromagnetic activity at substantially lower frequencies.
Dr. Adey was quoted as saying: "Some people theorize that the Soviets may be using an advanced version of the machine clandestinely to seek a change in behavior in the United States through signals beamed from the USSR." No reference was made to the protracted microwaves bombardment several years ago of the US Embassy in Moscow.
On April 29, 1983, Associate Editor Dr. Stefan Possony, addressing the Defense 83 meeting sponsored by Defense & Foreign Affairs, reported on Dr. Adey's work and on the work by Dr. A.S. Davydov of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Davydov discovered how the blood-brain barrier can be penetrated by low frequency beams and directly affect cells in the brain. Possony's remarks were delivered to a panel studying psychological warfare. [Part of that paper is printed below--Ed.]
In the US research on direct brain waves has scarcely begun, and the USSR has a lead of approximately 25 years. Once it is matured the new technology will be extraordinarily significant in medicine. It also may have major impacts on communications, intelligence, and psychological operations, and permit deliberate physiological impairment.
The KGB is known to be interested in the program. It is not known whether the US and other Governments are trying to determine whether their countries have become targets of clandestine brain waves beamed from the USSR. Nor are there indications that work on countermeasures is being contemplated, except perhaps in the USSR.
Editor's note. Most people have not heard of solitons. But, Dr. Possony is not the only professional discussing solitons and mind control. Here are excerpts from books and journals to give an overview of biological nonlinear effects and solitons.
No author. (1979, October 27). You Cannot Be a Twentieth-Century Man Without Maths. Economist. Pg. 107.
"Fortunately for pure scientist, most of the problems of basic physics and chemistry either are (or can be adequately handled as)linear problems. It is only in modern science--in particular, in quantum physics and gravity--that non-linearities loom large. ...The big news in maths is that there are recent developments which promise to make the solving of such non-linear problems possible. ...One development concerns things called solitons. ..So the equations of solitons are being applied to the fields surrounding subatomic particles. A whole group of elementary particles. A whole group of elementary particles may have been missed by the existing theories. Solitons may also help to understand the force of gravity, which also behaves in a non-linear way. Although Einstein's theory of relativity was a breakthrough in understanding gravity, there is still much to be learnt about this force. Solitons are also being used in research on climate, electronic circuits, fusion power, nerve conduction, optical materials, superconductors and a range of other engineering problems."
Remoissenet, M. 1996. Waves called solitons: Concepts and experiments, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag.
"Preface to Second Edition. ...Chapter 1 was expanded by a discussion of the discovery of solitons in the field of electromagnetic waves and optics.
P. 1. "Basic Concepts and the Discovery of Solitons. "Today, many scientists see nonlinear science as the most important frontier for the fundamental understanding of Nature. The soliton concept is now firmly established after a gestation period of about one hundred and fifty years. Since then, different kinds of solitons have been observed experimentally in various real systems, and today they have captured the imagination of scientist in most physical discipline. They are widely accepted as a structural basis for viewing and understanding the dynamic behavior of complex nonlinear systems."
Infeld, Eryk & Rowlands, George. 1990. Nonlinear waves, solitons and chaos. Press Syndicate of U Cambridge.
p.5. "5. A theory that relies on the interaction of a small number of periodic modes also exists see Infeld (1981c). Solitons are special wave pulses which interact with one another so as to keep their basic identity and so that they act as particles. Now the soliton has come of age in its mother subject, though in the meantime promising to be a useful concept in many other effects. One of the first detailed experimental verifications of soliton type behaviour was in the study of nonlinear ion acoustic waves.
"Davydov(1968),(1985) has applied some of the rules of solid state physics to the transport of energy down protein chains. He has shown that the idea of soliton propagation is essential to a study of chemical changes taking place in long protein molecules. This leads to the transfer of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and could be the basis for an understanding of muscle contraction. Though much may still remain to be done in molecular biological problems it seems likely that the concept of a soliton will remain the cornerstone of any future theory."
Chaohoa, Gu, Yishen, Li Guizhang Tu, Editors. (1990). International Conference on Nonlinear Physics , Shanghai 24-30 April 1989.
p. 166. Ablowitz, MJ. et al. U Colorado. Nonlinear Evolution equations, Solitons, Chaos and Cellular Automata. Acknowledgments. This work MJA is partially supported by the NSF, O of Naval Research, & Air Force O of Scientific Research. "Among the remarkable discoveries in applied mathematics during the past twenty or so years, have been the concept of the soliton and completely integrable nonlinear partial differential equations, chaotic phenomena associated with nonintegrable equations, and the understanding of cellular automata."
Kerner, B.S. & Osipov, V.V. 1994 Autosolitons A New Approach to Problems of Self Organization & Turbulence, Vol 61. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Introduction. "...The properties of traveling autosolitons (pulses) and some other autowaves were analyzed as early as 1946 by Wiener and Rosenblueth on the basis of an axiomatic discrete model. Hodgkin and Huxley(1952) proposed and studied a model of impulse propagation in nerve fiber; ..."
p. 110. "...there are numerous examples of active distributed systems of highly diverse nature which may host autosolitons as well as more complicated dissipative structures and autowaves. Such are, for instance, chemical and biochemical reactions(Zhabotinskiik 1974: Nicolis - Prigogine 1977: Haken 1977),..."
In two articles, Jonathan Tennenbaum describes development of Soviet electromagnetic weapons and the physics and biology behind the weapons. Following the quite long Tennenbaum articles, there are several articles on the soviet development of electromagnetic and neurological technology. It is difficult to get information on this topic and to know what is going on but over a long period of time, the same facts are repeated and therefore become more verifiable and believable. For over 25 articles on Russian mind control see U.S. Human Rights Report Flatlands Publishing Ft. Bragg(707) 964 8326. It is not easy to see which is disinformation, as there certainly must be on this topic. But these are several independent sources over several decades, stating much the same theme. And the science and military implications of electromagnetic technology are by now well established.
Electromagnetic-Effect Weapons: The Technology and the Strategic Implications. Wiesbaden Federal Republic of Germany Jan. 16, 1988. Executive Intelligence Review.(Executive Intelligence Review Special Report. 317 Pennsylvania Ave. S.E., 2nd Floor. Washington, DC 20003 (202) 544-7010. Pg. 7. Michael Liebig. ..."This Special Report is meant to sketch the gestalt of this newly emerging Soviet threat, the dimensions of which the Western public is most dangerously unaware. There is barely any understanding in the West of the revolutionary transformations in technology and strategy associated with electromagnetic effect weapons."
Tennenbaum, Jonathan.(1988, Feb). Some ABCs of Electromagnetic Anti-Personnel Weapons. Executive Intelligence Review.Executive Intelligence Review Special Report. 317 Pennsylvania Ave. S.E., 2nd Floor. Washington, DC 20003 (202) 544-7010. Pg. 9.
Dr. Jonathan Tennenbaum is on the Board of Directors of Fusions-Energie-Forum in the Federal Republic of Germany, and an editor of its magazine, Fusion.
"Often referred to by the misleading name, "radio-frequency weapons," The most sophisticated new type of anti-personnel weapons now being perfected by the USSR for use by its Spetsnaz and regular forces, uses pulses of electromagnetic energy to disorient, paralyze, and kill human targets. Such electromagnetic pulse (EP) weapons can take a variety of forms, including the following: ...
Electromagnetic pulse anti-personnel weapons have many scientific and technical features in common with the laser weapons under development in the American and Soviet anti-missile defense programs. Both use electromagnetic radiation, propagating at 300,000 kilometers per second, to achieve their destructive effect. Both require compact power sources, generators of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., lasers, magnetrons, gyrotrons, etc.), beam radiator and focusing apparatus (e.g., optics for lasers, wave guides and phased-array antennas for microwave weapons), and computerized control systems In both cases also, the maximum effect of these weapons is obtained by "tuning" or "tailoring" the output to the characteristics of the target.
The chief peculiarity of EP anti-personnel weapons lies in their exploitation of highly non-linear effects of electromagnetic radiation upon living organisms. Typically, these weapons employ complicated pulse shapes and pulse trains, involving several frequencies and modulations which can range over a wide spectrum from extremely low frequencies (ELF) into the hundred gigahertz range. Thus, although state-of-the-art technology permits construction of mobile systems of extremely high output power (up to 10 megawatts average power, peak pulsed powers of many gigawatts), it is not the high power per se which determines the lethality of the system, but rather its ability to "couple" the output effectively into the target and to exploit non-linear biological action. While high output power may be used to obtain range and breadth of effects and penetration into enclosures and defenses, the minimum lethal "dose" on target will typically be orders of magnitude less than that which would be required to kill by mere heating, in the manner of a microwave oven.
The closest analogy to a sophisticated EP anti-personnel weapon is provided by powerful chemical weapons, such as nerve gases having rapid, fatal effects at extremely low concentration. In the latter case, the effect is mediated by molecules which enter nerve synapses and other critical areas and disrupt normal functions without massive destruction of tissue. The poison acts on the higher levels of organization of living process. Furthermore, it should be understood that molecules themselves are nothing but electromagnetic configurations. That is, the molecules (e.g., of the nerve gas) act via electromagnetic fields, by exchange of electromagnetic energy with other molecules. Hence, it should hardly be surprising to discover that the same effects can be induced by electromagnetic radiation alone-without the presence of the molecules! In principle it suffices to identify the precise geometrical characteristics of the electromagnetic action associated with the given substance, and then just "mimic" the molecular action by a carefully "tailored" signal. Once this principle is understood, biophysical research can define the most appropriate pulse forms for weapon applications, independently of any specific chemical "model." That this is by no means a mere theoretical possibility is proven by a wide variety of experiments on the biological effects of "tailored" electromagnetic radiation, carried out in the West and East over the last 40 years. For obvious reasons, experiments involving lethal effects are mostly classified. To illustrate some of the relevant research areas, we present a couple of examples of well-documented non-lethal effects.
Since the 1950s much scientific attention has been paid, in the East and West, to effects on the brain of 1) psychotropic drugs (LSD, depressants, stimulants, etc.) and 2) electrical stimulation of specific areas of the brain by implanted electrodes. Among other things, experiments showed that minute currents induced by electrical stimulation could evoke profound changes in brain function, similar to those obtained by psychotropic drugs, the latter often at extremely low concentrations. This work reveal some "deep secrets" of the physiological organization of the brain, secrets having potentially far-reaching military implications. Since the early 1970s a number of published experiments have shown that similar, profound neurological effects can be induced without the "substantial" intervention of drugs or electrodes, by electromagnetic fields applied from outside the experimental subject. Typical of these are those of Dr. Jose Delgado and Dr. Ross Adey. Delgado applied a slowly modulated weak magnetic field(several Gauss, pulsed at less than 100 Hz) to the heads of monkeys via external coils. Depending upon the precise modulation frequency used, specific effects were induced. Thus, one frequency caused the animals to fall asleep, and another triggered aggression, each time with very specific neurophysiological effects on specific areas of the brain. Adey and others have obtained similar neurophysiological effects with a modulated, low-power, radio-frequency field, with modulation frequencies in the range of the internal "brain waves" (EEG). Absorbed power levels were very low- on the order of a thousandth of a watt per square centimeter.
Related experiments have shown that internal EEG waves can be entrained and modified, demonstrating the possibility of direct information transfer to the brain via modulated radio-frequency (RF) fields. Thus, below the threshold of lethal effects, a certain potential for subtle psychological manipulation by means of "tailored" electromagnetic signals cannot be excluded.
Lethal effects have been obtained at power levels not very much higher than in behavior modification experiments. Again, it is not so much the net power as the exact form of the applied series of pulses, which makes the difference. One laboratory device, used in brain research, kills experimental animals with a single microwave pulse of 1/6 second duration.
While the neurological effects of modulated RF and microwave radiation have long been a high-priority area for Soviet research, this field has tended to be played down or even suppressed in the West. For example, Delgado's magnetic field experiments have gone nearly unnoticed in the Western scientific literature, but are a featured subject in a recent Russian book, published under the auspices of Znanyia, a cadre organization headed by top Soviet military scientist N.D. Basov.
While we have concentrated here on the brain as a key target of EP weapons, this is by no means the only target. The central nervous system more generally, and vital organs, especially the heart, are all possible targets. Moreover, a very insidious deployment of EP would be to degrade the overall health of persons in a certain area by long-term, low-level irradiation. There is evidence that the latter has already been tried by the Soviets in a number of cases.
Much more could be said about non-linear biological effects exploitable by EP weapons. In this short introduction, however, we want to move on to another key problem of these weapons; how to generate and deliver the destructive action to the target.
This Special Report presents some details on high-power RF and microwave generators, an area of highest priority in Soviet research and development. There are two essential types of devices which can be used in EP weapons; oscillators using beams of electrons or plasmas, and solid-state devices.
Solid state radar, whose development is driven by the needs of military aircraft and missiles, is one of the fastest advancing areas of electronic technology today. Although solid state devices do not (yet!) reach the very high powers attained by electron beam devices, miniaturization makes it possible to build today complete, highly sophisticated phased-array radars of suitcase-size, with several kilowatts of average output. The principal advantage of this technology is that it permits extremely sophisticated "tailoring" of pulse shape in space and time, in a compact system, with direct coupling to high-speed computers. This is exactly what is needed in order to optimally exploit non-linear biological effects. What is lost in brute power is thus gained in efficiency.
Recent breakthroughs in what is called "high-temperature superconductivity" open up the perspective that both types of EP generation technology--electron beam as well as solid state--are going to undergo revolutionary improvements in the years immediately ahead. The impact of this revolution cannot even be estimated at this time, but it will certainly mean radical reductions in the size of devices having a given electromagnetic "firepower".
As our discussion of biological effects already indicated, electromagnetic anti-personnel weapons depend essentially on "tuning" the output signal to the target. This goes not only for the frequency and amplitude of the signal, but for its entire space-time "shape." Figure 6, for example, is drawn from thermographs of models of the human body irradiated by RF radiation of the same frequency, but with field geometries. These and other experiments demonstrate, that the areas of maximum absorption of electromagnetic energy inside the body depend on the geometry of the incident wave. By choosing the right geometry, the energy can be focused into any desired area, such as the brain.
A sophisticated EP weapon must thus be able to project a specific geometry of electromagnetic field onto a distant object, over a given terrain and in given surroundings. Without going into technical details of waveguides and various antenna types, we shall briefly present one of the relevant techniques: the principle of the phased array.
A phased-array antenna consists of an assemblage of many individually controlled emitting (or receiving) elements, placed in a fixed geometrical arrangement. The output field of the array is the sum of the waves emitted by the individual elements. By electronically controlling the relative phases of these individual signals, the output field can be given any desired "shape" and direction, limited only by the wavelength used, the number of elements and the size of the array. The huge soviet ABM radar at Krasnoyarsk, for example, contains an 83-meter diameter phased array of thousands of elements. The output can consist of a single, very narrow beam, or hundreds of independently directed beams, all depending on the "phasing" of the elements. This radar can track large numbers of missiles simultaneously, without any mechanical motion of the antenna.
The functioning of phased-array antennae is thus closely related to holography, or three-dimensional photography. In a hologram, a photographic plate records interference patterns, corresponding to the phase relationships of laser light reflected from the object. When the holographic plate is illuminated by a laser, the phase relationships are "reconstituted" and the viewer has the impression of seeing a three dimensional object.
The ensemble of elements of a phased-array antenna takes the place of the holographic plate, but at a much longer wavelength than visible light (centimeters and millimeters instead of fractions of a micrometer). When operated in a receiving mode, the phased array obtains much more information than an ordinary antenna; like the hologram, it measures entire electromagnetic field geometries, not merely a one-dimensional, electromagnetic "signal"
The holographic principle underlying phased-array systems points to a potentiality for creating any desired three-dimensional, electromagnetic field distribution around a target object, from a distance, correcting for reflections, obstacles and other interference. Moreover, the field can be transformed and shifted from one location to another in space within a fraction of a second. Thus, an ideal EP-weapon could attack many individual targets, simultaneously or in rapid succession. One or more phased arrays would be used in receiving and transmitting modes to "lock on" to selected targets, and determine the necessary geometry of the attack pulses. To fully exploit such potentialities, the weapon would require for its target-acquisition and beam-control systems, sophisticated high speed computers, able to perform complex computations of the "inverse-scattering" type. Miniaturized systems of this sort are well within the reach of 'fifth generation' computer technology. "Hybrid" digital-analog systems would be simpler, smaller, and faster still. There is much overlap in requirements between EP weapons and systems developed for strategic defense(SDI).
For concrete weapons applications, simpler devices will often suffice; trade-offs can be made among range, output power, extent of three dimensional field control, and sophistication of biological effects.
As was the case earlier with nuclear weapons, many people may be tempted to think that EP anti-personnel weapons constitute "absolute weapons" against which no defense is possible. A glance at the history of the SDI, or of military science and technology in general, shows why no such thing ever has or will exist.
An obvious aspect of defense is to detect, locate, and neutralize weapons before they can be used. Antenna structures of EP weapons are resonant structures which can be detected in various ways. Spetsnaz deployment of EP weapons can be countered by intercepting the weapons or weapons components in transport, by appropriate surveillance of the areas around potential targets, and by the whole range of countermeasures which can be taken against the Spetsnaz groups themselves. Of course, the EP weapon declares its existence as soon as it is turned on, and itself becomes vulnerable to rapid counterattack if readiness and appropriate means are at hand.
The famous "Faraday cage" and other forms of electromagnetic shielding can provide some protection against EP weapons, especially if the characteristics of the EP signal are known in advance and countermeasures are devised accordingly. Unfortunately, a sophisticated weapon can "tailor" its pulse to get through nearly any given kind of shielding utilizing non-linear, inverse-scattering techniques and a process known as "self-induced transparency." A Faraday cage under certain conditions can be transformed into an antenna, focusing the signal on the inside and even enhancing the effect for the unfortunate persons inside.
In theory, biological effects can be offset by creating a controlled "electromagnetic environment" around the target, with the effect of "detuning" the target relative to the anticipated signal of the attacking EP weapon - a kind of "immunization." To realize such potentialities will require a major research effort, but one having important spinoffs for biology and medicine.
The application of holographic principles to EP weaponry has profound implications for the future shape of warfare. The deployment of such weapons and the defense against them cannot be understood in terms of "point-to-point trajectory" concepts associated with conventional firearms and artillery. Actually, even in the past, competent military doctrine has always emphasized the geometries of "fields of fire" generated by overall deployment of mobile weapons over a given area, as opposed to mere "straight-line" action of an individual weapon. the geometrical aspect becomes much more explicit in the era of EP weaponry, in which "firepower counts as the ability to control the electromagnetic field geometry on the field of battle, through coordinated deployment and operation of mobile phased arrays and related devices.
The situation could therefore be summed up as follows: in practice, both the use of EP weapons and defense against them is a tricky, sophisticated business, if the antagonists are at comparable levels of technology, knowledge, and preparation. A surprise attack against an unprepared enemy is simpler and very devastating. In this respect, EP weapons are no exception to the general rules of warfare."
Tennenbaum, Jonathan.(1988). Soviet Work on Electromagnetic Pulse Weapons. Executive Intelligence Review. Pg. 17
The 1987 edition of the U.S. Department of Defense review, Soviet Military Power, contains the following stern warning about the current Soviet mobilization to perfect electromagnetic pulse (EP) weapons: "Recent Soviet developments in the generation of radio-frequency (RF) energy have potential applications for a fundamentally new type of weapon system that would degrade electronics or be used in an anti-personnel mode. The Soviets already have or are working on much of the technology for such a system. In their research the Soviets have generated single pulses with peak power exceeding 1 billion watts and repetitive pulses of over 100 million watts.. No significant technological obstacles stand in the way of a prototype short-range tactical RF weapon."
In this Special Report, we shall document that the U.S.S.R. presently possesses the essential technological base, plus knowledge of advanced biophysics, to realize a wide variety of tactical and strategic electromagnetic anti-personnel weapons. We shall demonstrate this from the Soviets' own technical publications. Fortunately, we are not able to show pictures of EP weapons on parade in Red Square-if we could, it would be too late!
Figure 1 shows, on a map of the U.S.S.R., some of the known centers of Soviet work on the science and technology of EP weapons. For example, advanced high-power microwave generator work is carried out at the Applied Physics Institute in Gor'kiy near Moscow, at several institutes in Tomsk, at the Moscow Lebedev Institute, in Lengingrad, Novosibirsk, and other locations. Advanced biophysical research of military importance is going on at the Institute for Biological Physics (G.M. Franck) at Pushchino near Moscow, at the Siberian Division of the Academy of Medical Sciences at Novosibirsk, at several institutes in Alma Ata, in Vladivostok, and at a number of establishments linked to the Soviet manned space program. (There is significant overlap between space medicine and the biophysics of EP weapons effects.) The question marks on the map indicate that only a very small part of the relevant research and development ever finds its way, even obliquely, into available Soviet technical journals. Military secrecy is much stricter and all-encompassing in the East than the West.
An interesting article appeared this year by one V.M. Koldayev in the Soviet journal Biologicheskiye Nauki dealing with "The Correction of Acute Microwave Exposure by Drugs-Experimental Results." In the article a large number of pharmaceuticals are evaluated for their capability of enhancing the resistance of the human organism to microwave radiation. Both preventive treatment, before exposure, and post-exposure treatment are discussed. Koldayev stresses a point which is key to the Soviet approach to microwave and radio-frequency effects: "Intensive microwave radiation changes the membrane characteristics of cells and ion transport, generates electrical breakdown at the boundaries of phase regions and other effects causing a destruction of living processes. Research in recent years has shown that the 'thermal conception' of microwave effects is inadequate."
Kolayev points to a major stumbling-block of Western biophysical research: the absurd, but stubborn insistence on the part of the Western research "establishment", that electromagnetic radiation could have no other effect on a living organism than to increase its temperature (I.E., in Koldayev's words, the "thermal conception"). As a result of this blind spot, many Western specialists still refuse to accept the existence of precisely those kinds of effects upon which the most lethal Soviet EP weapons depend.
The Soviets presently lead the world in research into a crucial, but not much publicized field called "optical biophysics," sometimes referred in the West as "bioelectromagnetics," which deals with the electromagnetic organization of living processes. Although modern research into this area goes back to Louis Pasteur, the most consistent and sustained efforts were launched in Russia by V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945), the physicist biologist, geologist, and architect of the Soviet atom bomb project.
Vernadsky's scientific training focused on the works of Pasteur and radioactivity pioneer Pierre Curie, and included visits to the Pasteur Institute and other leading European science institutes. Vernadsky initiated the systematic search for reserves of uranium and other technically crucial minerals throughout the Russian empire, and was a key organizer of the pre-World War I economic mobilization in Russia. As founding director of the State Radium Institute in Leningrad, Vernadsky launched in 1926 a crash program of fundamental research into the "physical geometry" of living processes, which would include a comprehensive study of their interaction with electromagnetic radiation:
"Only a few of the invisible radiation's are known to us at present. We have hardly begun to realize their diversity and the inadequacy of our knowledge of these radiations which surround us and pass through us in the biosphere, and to understand their basic role in the processes going on around us, a role which is difficult to comprehend by those accustomed to other conceptions of the Universe...We are surrounded and penetrated, at all times and all places, by eternally changing, combining and opposing radiation of different wavelengths--from 10 millionths of a millimeter to several kilometers."
Out of Vernadsky's program came the Soviet military slogan: "He who controls the entire electromagnetic spectrum will dominate the world." It was Vernadsky who coined the now-common term "biosphere," emphasizing the fact that the totality of living matter on the Earth forms a coherent process in powerful mutual interaction with the climate and geophysical conditions of the planet. This work was the basis of the concept of "planetary war" advocated by Marshal Ogarkov, according to which all available scientific knowledge concerning the biosphere is to be mobilized in war in order to crush the enemy. This includes development of means of weather modification, manipulation of the ionosphere and other layers of the atmosphere, large-scale biological warfare, triggering of natural disasters, as well as global electromagnetic warfare.
Vernadsky's efforts provided the scientific atmosphere for the launching of the most powerful current of Soviet biophysical research, that associated with Alexander Gurvich(1874-1954). Gurvich was the first to systematically demonstrate that absorption of minute amounts of "tuned" electromagnetic radiation, down to individual quanta, can decisively influence the course of biological events. This is now known in the Soviet literature as the "informational role of electromagnetic radiation in biological systems."
In connection with this research, Gurvich developed that first "field theory" approach to the geometry of living processes, and discovered the universal ultraviolet light emission of cells called "mitogenetic radiation". He was the first to point to the capability of biological molecules such as proteins and DNA, to absorb energy at long wavelengths and reemit the stored energy at much shorter wavelengths-phenomena which are intensively studied today under the name of "multiphoton processes in non-linear spectroscopy." Gurvich was thereby a pioneer in the area of advanced research which is decisive for the most devastating forms of electromagnetic anti-personnel weapons.
Gurvich's student G.M. Franck founded the Institute of Biological Physics in Pushichino, which still bears Franck's name, and is today a key center of military-related research on electromagnetic pulse effects on biological systems. Another Gurvich disciple, Prof. Vlail Kaznacheev, heads the Medical Division of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk, with close ties to the military space establishment. Kaznacheev carried out a decade-long series of experiments on the electromagnetic basis of the pathogenic action of viruses and poisons. Another member of the Gurvich school, Alma Ata biophysicist Inyushin, wrote an article in the Red Army paper Krasnaya Zvezda in 1984, declaring that breakthroughs of "revolutionary significance" were being made in the optical biophyscis field. Since then, Inuyushin's name completely dropped out of Soviet scientific literature, indicating that he is now working in a top secret program. Indeed, almost the entirety of the huge Soviet effort in biophysics of the Gurvich-Vernadsky variety has "gone underground" since 1983-84.
One indicative area of continued Soviet publications is on the "non-thermal" effects of low-level microwave radiation in the millimeter wavelength band. Since at least the late 1960s, a U.S.S.R.-wide network of more than 21 institutes has conducted research into this field, led by Prof. N.D. Deyatkov of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. This research is continuing to this day. Late last year, for example, the Soviet microwave technology journal Radioelektronika published two long papers on biological effects, written by known members of the Deyatkov group. These papers discussed the mechanisms by which millimeter radiation interacts with internal electroacoustical oscillations, notably in cell membranes, to generate the resonant, frequency-dependent effects documented in a large number of experiments.
The significance of these sorts of publications is not that they give a direct "peek through the window" at weapons-development; rather, they indicate an orientation of "civilian' basic research programs to the type of phenomena of relevance to weapons applications.(It is unlikely that electromagnetic anti-personnel weapons would work with pure millimeter waves. Millimeter-band "harmonics" would be included in complex pulse forms, however.)
Unfortunately, Devyatkov's area of research was all but closed down in the U.S., following the conclusion of "biological warfare accords" between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in the early 1970s-another concession from which the Soviets have extracted great strategic profit.
The capability to generate controlled high-power pulses of electromagnetic energy has long been a top priority area for Soviet applied physics research and development. It even has its own name in the Soviet literature, for which no direct equivalent term exists in the West: sil'notochnaya elektronika. It includes things like explosive cathodes and other technology for high-current relativistic particle beams, energy storage and pulse compression technology, non-linear plasma devices such as the plasma focus, "explosive" MHD power generation, EMP simulators, etc.
Significant parts of this R&D are being carried out in "purely peaceful" programs, such as controlled fusion energy and accelerators for elementary particle research. So, Soviet development of gyrotron devices for ultra-high-power microwave generation has the "official purpose of providing means for heating plasmas in experimental fusion reactors. And, in fact, gyrotrons can do exactly that. But, the technical advances thus made-or acquired from the West-under "civilian" fusion research programs with international cooperation, can immediately be transferred to secret military programs. Thus, Rudakov's huge "Angara V" electron beam pulse generator, allegedly constructed for fusion research, was obviously motivated by some other reasons than just the publicized ones.
Soviet development of high-power magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators is another interesting example. For many years, Vice-president of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences E.P. Velikhov has directed a large program to perfect this technology for direct conversion of chemical combustion energy into electricity, for a variety of "peaceful" applications.
These are figures from 1977, ten years ago. Given intensive Soviet work in this field in the intervening period, we must assume that they can obtain the same or better output with much smaller devices. These and the famous "Pavlovskii" pulse generators play an important role in the Soviet's own version of the SDI, as power sources for beam weapons. They provide enough power for very devastating types of mobile anti-personnel weapons.
The heart of an EP anti-personnel weapon is the system for generating and emitting the electromagnetic radiation. Here the Soviets can draw from their vast experience with all types of military radars, including the large phased-array installations at Krasnoyarsk, Pechora and elsewhere, as well as advanced research into relativistic electron beam devices for ultra-high-power EP generation. The article by Robert Gallagher documents how the Soviets have led the world in development of pulsed gyrotrons and related EP devices covering a wide frequency range. This new hardware is being "spun off" in great quantity and variety as a product of the sil'notochnaya elektronika thrust. Nor have the potentialities of solid-state been neglected. While the Soviets may lag in some of the most exotic microchip technology, they are quite familiar with solid state radar systems applicable (among other things) to miniaturized EP weapons. "Briefcase size" EP weapons for "close-in" Spetsnaz assasinations and related missions, are well within Soviet technological capability.
Recently, it was announced that the U.S.S.R. intends to use its new, heavy space-lift system Energiya, with five times the payload of the American space shuttle, to station some very large structures in orbit. Besides a larger version of their present space station, one of the plans is for a huge "solar power station" which would relay its energy to Earth via a high-power laser or a beam of microwaves. (A similar project was considered by the U.S. NASA, but rejected because of the of inadvertently irradiating populated areas.) With a proposed several gigawatts of continuous power at its disposal, such a station could carry out weather modification as well as electromagnetic warfare on a large scale. Of course, compact nuclear reactors (which the Soviets are already using in radar reconnaissance satellites), especially in a pulsed mode, and MHD devices, could be much better energy sources for a military system. given a sufficient supply of energy, a large, phased-array EP system in orbit could attack entire cities, with loss of life comparable to nuclear weapons, but without collateral damage.
However, it is not necessary to station EP weapons in space in order to have firepower on a "strategic" scale. The Soviets have been early masters at combining their knowledge of geophysics and non-linear wave propagation to develop novel types of over-the-horizon radar. Using combinations of phased-array installations with a very large effective aperture, it is theoretically possible to project lethal electromagnetic signals over thousands of kilometers. At shorter ranges, incoming missiles and aircraft might be destroyed using EMP-like effects. Soviet activities should be closely watched in these respects, especially in view of the potential "dual purpose" exploitation of certain facilities.
(The following list is not intended to be comprehensive, but merely exemplifies extensive Soviet scientific efforts in fields relevant to EP weaponry. The interested reader will find further literature through the cited publications.)"
All-Union Conference on High-Current Electronics, Novosibirsk 1986 (conference proceedings, in Russian).
O.V. Betsky, A.V. Putvinsky, "Biological Effects of Millimeter Waves of Low Intensity" (Russian) and M.V. Golant, T.B. Rebrovak, "The Analogy between Certain Systems of Living Organism and Technical UHF between Certain Systems of Living Organisms and Technical UHF Devices," (Russian in Radioelektronika 29, Nr.10, 1986.
G.I. Budker, "The Gyrocon: An Efficient Relativistic High-Power VHF generator," Particle Accelerators 10, 1979.
N.D. Deyatkov, E.A. Gel'vich, M.B. Golant, "Radiophysical Aspects of the Use in Medicine of Energetic and Informational Action of Electromagnetic Radiation," (Russian), Seria Elektronika SVC (UHF Electronics), Nr. 9(333), 1981.
A.G. Gurvich, Mitogenetic Analysis of the Excitation of the Nervous System, Amsterdam 1937; "Une theorie du champ biologique," Bibliotheca Biotheorectica, Ser. D, II. See also Michael Lipkind, "Gurwitschs Theorie vom Biologischem Feld," in the German-language magazine Fusion, 8.Jg., 1987, Nr.4.
V.M. Inyushin, D.R. Chekurov, Laser Biostimulation and Bioplasma, (Russian), Alma Ata 1975.
S. Kassel, "Soviet Development of Gyrotrons," RAND Corp. Report R-3377-ARPA, May 1986.
V.P.Kaznacheev, L.P. Mikhailova, Ultraweak Radiation in Intercellular Interactions, (Russian) U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 1981.
V.M. Koldayev, "Pharmacological Correction of Acute Microwave Effects," (Russian) Biologiecheskiye Nauki, 1, 1987.
V.I. Vernadsky, The Biosphere, 1926 (Russian and French editions).
Editor's note. Here are more substantiating articles in support of Tennenbaum's information. It is in list format.
Liebig, Michael.(1988).Radio-Frequency Weapons: Strategic Context and Implications. Executive Intelligence Review. Pg. 42.
Michael Liebig is Managing Director of EIR nachrichtenagentur GmbH in Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany. The following paper was presented at conferences in the Federal Republic of Germany, France, and Italy.
"...It is obvious that the whole complex of RF technologies, precisely because of the vast potential for military application, is highly classified. Detailed information on RF systems is extremely scant in the public domain. Yet we do know the scientific-technological basics of RF systems and their interaction with biological and other soft targets. While operational RF weapon systems may not yet exist as such, it can be stated categorically, that not just research, but development work towards operational RF weapons, is underway in the East and West, especially in the East.
Pg. 40. "Radio-frequency weapons" is a misleading name, carried over from a pragmatic understanding of earlier stages of electronic warfare. For example, it was thought, mistakenly, that the use of microwaves as anti-personnel weapons depended upon the heating effects of such waves upon targeted material. Today, it has been shown that properly tuned electromagnetic pulses have mortal effects at levels of energy-deposit as low as two or three orders of magnitude below those required to kill cell-tissue by means of induced thermal effects. This comparison illustrates the importance of the term "non-linear effects."
The most important of the near-term applications of non-linear electromagnetic effects are in the domain of optical biophysics, either as strategic or tactical anti-personnel weapons, or to produce global effects within the biosphere surrounding those personnel. However, there is also the prospect of disintegrating non-organic material, as well as the disruption of apparatus, through the same class of technologies. In applying the notion of technological attrition to all such electromagnetic-pulse weapons as a general class, it is the principles causing all of the indicated range of effects which must be considered as a unit for purposes of shaping strategic doctrine.
All of the weaponry based upon "new physical principles," including lasers, particle beams, and non-linear electromagnetic-pulse effects, belong, together with the role of high temperature superconductivity, to the domain of sub-atomic physics. Modern high-energy physics, especially that focused upon so-called "force free" status of plasmas, shows that sub-atomic phase-space has a distinct, Kepler-Gauss sort of inherent curvature. It is also shown, that non-linear effects of coherent electromagnetic pulses, as phenomena of the macro-scale, are rooted in the non-linear physics of the curvature of "force-free," least-action states in the sub-atomic domain.
One of the most important lines of inquiry to this effect today, is modern optical biophysics' attention to the decisive role of precisely tuned, inherently coherent electromagnetic pulses in living processes.
Conceptually, this new work belongs to the tradition of Pasteur's work on optical biophysics and the definition of living processes presented by Luca Pacioli and Leonardo da Vinci nearly 500 years ago. Essentially, modern instruments permit us to detect and measure localized coherent pulses in the range of quanta of emission, leading into what is called today "non-linear spectroscopy" of living processes. The comparison of the results obtained in this way in biological research, with lessons learned from high-energy physics of force-free plasma states, is the key to design of strategic and tactical anti-personnel assault weapons and related applications."
Frazer, James W. PhD and Frazer, Joyce E.(1988, Mar.Apr.)How Radiofrequency Waves Interact with Living Systems.21st Century.Pg. 50.Dr. Frazer, adjunct professor of pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio. Dr. Frazer was featured as a weapons expert on CNN's Special Report,1985 and discussed his ten year Air Force career and on electromagnetic effects. His conclusion that "radiofrequency weapons could be the wild-card in the arms race."
"The nonthermal effects of electromagnetic radiation on living cells offer clues as to what is life, as well as to understanding Soviet research on the possibility of controlling human thought and emotional experience." Pg. 54. "In earlier work, Adey's group had shown a modulation sensitive effect on calcium efflux from chick brains. These findings created considerable controversy, but were completely substantiated by work done in Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) laboratories at Research Triangle Park in North Carolina. The subsequent history of their group is of interest. Adey's group continued with practical and theoretical studies of nonlinear response of biological systems to low-intensity fields-but with nearly annual cuts in funding levels. The federal agencies monitoring that work have been fragmented and the people either left or transferred to other fields of endeavor. Price, Frazer, Mori, and all of the people performing the original lymphocyte experiments have resigned, been victims of reductions in force, gone into other areas of research, or retired. Thus, an area of research of great interest to theoretical biology has been very effectively choked off."
Wellborn Stanley & Daniloff, Nicholas.(1984, Oct. 1`). Can U.S. Hold Its Lead Over Soviets in Science Race? U.S News and World Report.Pg 53.
"The Soviets, for example, experiment extensively in parapsychology and psychic warfare," in modification of weather and in the biological effects of microwave and other electromagnetic fields. Much of this research is given high priority.
Commission on Security and Cooperation In Europe 102nd Congress First Session. The Moscow Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe 10 Sept.-4 Oct.1991. Pg. 9.
"Many individual Soviet citizens also attended, seeking help in redressing grievances against the Soviet system after decades of lawlessness and arbitrary administration of justice. Complaints ranged from unjustified loss of employment and placement in psychiatric hospitals to subjection to space-based rays launched and maintained by Soviet security organs. The U.S. delegation was able to do little more than listen to these individuals and forward their complaints to the Soviet delegation or the relevant republican authorities, suggesting to the Soviet delegation that it address the problems of these individuals."
Baker, CB.(1997?). Youth Action News.Pg. 6-7
the 1980 book: Human Possibilities: Mind Exploration in the U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, was written by a leading U.S. scientific researcher in parapsychology, Stanley Krippner, Ph.D. The book described the 1960 discoveries of Y.A. Kholodov, a leading Soviet expert on the effects of electromagnetic fields on the brain. ...Krippner continued: "These Soviet attempts to construct holographic models resembles the work of Karl Pribram, who has suggested not only that sensory information is relayed in bits and pieces to be sequentially reconstructed by neuron interaction, but also that sensory cells can interact as to form the sort of interference pattern typified by a hologram."
Baker, CB.(1984?).Electronic Mind-Control.
"At the 1979 U.S. Psychotronic Association conference, Lt. Col. Thomas E. Bearden provided additional information about soviet usage of ELF for mind control ...In 1968, Litisitsyn, who happens to run the documentation center (in the U.S.S.R.) which has all the medical information there, wrote a paper...reporting that the U.S.S.R. had 'succeeded in controlling the induction...of images and sensations... into another biological system--a human being." "...Litisitsyn received his Ph.D. in highly esoteric, non-linear, mathematical brain-wave theory... "Litisitsyn's paper reported that the Soviets broke the genetic code of the human brain. "they worked out 23 EEG band-wave lengths, 11 of which were totally independent. So if you can manipulate those 11,youcan do anything to that living system it normally can do itself--anything at all. This is all from a paper in the (U.S.) Defense Documentation Center--1968, translation from the Soviet Union." "...the relationship between Soviet ELF signals and the Litisitsyn paper was described in a 1978 documentation packet on ELF issued by the Planetary Association for Clean Energy. ...The P.A.C.E. documentation continued: "Litisitsyn also reported that the Soviet scientists have developed and fitted a theory to actual brain wave measurements, and could insert material on electromagnetic carriers, directly into the brain and could control whether or not the process stimulated conscious awareness of the individual." ...The monitoring of time coherent and phase locked psychoactive modulations suggests strongly the following: The psychoactive modulation effectively locks -in the multiple carrier frequencies (say 11 to 23). On these locked -in multichannels, brain-coded information is inserted, feeding it directly into the captured target-brains." "Potentially, almost anything could be inserted in the target brain/mind systems., and such insertions would be processed by the biosystems as intercranially-generated data/effects. Words, phrases, images, sensations, and emotions could be directly inserted and experienced in the biological targets as internal states, modes, emotions thoughts, and ideas...."
Wortz, Edward C.et al.(198?)An Investigation of Soviet Psychical Research. in Mind at Large. pg. 235.
"The term psychotronics was coined by a French journalist after the analogy with electronics, bionics, nucleonics, and so forth. the Soviets have devised their own term-psychoenergetics. Pg.249
"A review of possible NBIT (novel biophysical information transfer) transmission mechanism that are compatible with current modern physics yields three schemes.
1. VLF and ELF electromagnetic waves.
2. Neutrinos, based on the photon theory of neutrinos.
3. Quantum-mechanical waves, based on the schizophysical interpretation of basic quantum mechanical theory.
Presently, most U.S. and soviet experiments on psychic phenomena, as well as the use of the law of parsimony, would point to ELF/VLF mechanisms, but the other two possibilities cannot be ruled out.